The Mediterranean Science Commission, or CIESM, (French: Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Méditerranée) is an independent organization that unites 23 Member States, hundreds of marine Institutes, and thousands of marine researchers from all shores of the Mediterranean basin and adjacent seas, to engage in marine scientific explorations and exchange on the latest advances in oceanography.
Mission | |
|---|---|
The Mediterranean Science Commission is the flagship for multilateral research in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. A unique coalition of 23 Member Governments and hundreds of marine Institutes, CIESM links marine scientists from all shores of the Basin and adjacent seas, to share the latest findings and advances in oceanography. | |
Foundation | |
November 1919 | |
Director General | |
Prof. Laura Giuliano | |
Website | |
Created by an International Conference held in Madrid, Spain, in November 1919[1] the Commission promotes multilateral international research on marine sciences via the international use of national research stations and scientific exchange. Originally the organization was restricted to countries bordering the Mediterranean and the Black seas and is now open to other countries engaged in marine research in the broad region.[2]
Early years
editTwo professors, the Italian Decio Vinciguerra and the German Otto Krümmel,[3] thought it would be useful for the fishing industry to promote oceanographic exploration of the Mediterranean Sea. Based on Vinciguerra's proposal, the ninth International Geographical Union in Geneva endorsed the principle of a Commission in July 1908 and decided a committee should define the organization.[4] The committee was formed and first met in Monaco on 30 March 1910 under the chairmanship of Albert I, Prince of Monaco, in the premises of the recently opened Oceanographic Museum.[5] Two important, innovative principles emerged: the commission had to be free from political interference, and the countries would be represented at Government level so that the scientific advice of the commission would carry weight.[4] The next meeting was held in Rome in February 1914, and endorsed the principle that all the countries bordering the Mediterranean and the Black Sea should be eligible for membership.
The advent of World War I prevented Spain to welcome the Constituent Assembly later that year. It was finally held in Madrid in November 1919 - after a preparatory meeting (Paris) in June - [4] and chaired by King Alfonso XIII of Spain. The founding meeting had representatives from Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Monaco, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey.[4] The newly formed Commission elected Monaco, in the person of Prince Albert 1er, to the presidency. Italy followed in 1924.[6]
From 1919 until 1939 several marine observatories were founded around the Mediterranean under the impulsion of CIESM in countries such as Algeria, Tunisia, and Italy. Specialized French, Italian, and Spanish vessels undertook mapping and research campaigns in the Strait of Gibraltar, the Bosphorus, the Strait of Messina, and the Gulf of Gabès. The membership quickly expanded to include Romania (1925), the Kingdom of Serbs (1927), Turkey (1928) and territories then under British, French or Spanish mandate: Cyprus (1919), Palestine (1929), Syria and Lebanon (1930), Spanish Protectorate of Morocco (1933).[4] The Commission published a Bulletin and scientific Reports of Congresses held then every two years, plus detailed, illustrated sheets of the Faune et Flore de Méditerranée under the direction of Prof. Louis Joubin[7]
Post World War II
editThe work of the commission was suspended during World War II, but despite pressure to transfer responsibility to the United Nations, meetings resumed in 1951 in Paris where the seat of the commission had been transferred in 1924. In 1956, at the 15th CIESM Congress in Istanbul, Monaco was elected to the presidency in the person of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, while Prof. Jean Furnestin continued until 1966 his substantial refoundation work as Secretary General. He would be succeeded as Secretary in 1966 by Commandant Jacques Yves Cousteau[8][9] and by Prof. François Doumenge, who served in that function from 1988 until 2007. At that time the CIESM Council decided to merge the position of Secretary General with that of Director General, a function held by Prof. Frederic Briand until September 2023, date when his elected successor Dr Laura Giuliano assumed the position.[10]
With a change in statutes to allow members of non-coastal countries engaged in marine research, Germany became a member in 1969, followed by Switzerland in 1970 and Portugal in 2004.
Under the statutes of the commission as of 30 November 1970, the headquarters was in Monaco and the official language remained French. The president was elected for four years at the plenary Congress and Assembly, and was eligible for be reelection. The plenary Congress was held every two years, and decided on subjects to be studied.[11]
Examples of work
editThe Mediterranean Science Commission is the only organization that specializes in multi-lateral marine research in the Mediterranean Sea. [12] Through its network of scientists, it can quickly detect changes and alert governments and others who must take action, and provide neutral and authoritative advice on issues related to marine ecosystems by ways of Monographs, reports, Congresses.
In 1993 CIESM responded to a request from the European Parliament and issued a detailed assessment of Marine Pollution in the Mediterranean.[13] In 1998 CIESM began running research workshops which continue to produce widely read monographs on emerging issues. Subjects have covered a diversity of sectors ranging from marine volcanoes and canyons, marine connectivity, the Messinian Salinity Crisis, Marine Peace Parks, impacts of climatic change on the ocean, species extinctions, marine biotechnologies, deep waters, acidification, emergent pollutants, food webs from marine viruses to whales, invasive species, social studies of fisheries, etc.[14] At that time the Commission started to deliver morphometric maps of the Mediterranean seabed, based on modern imagery provided by multibeam swath. Between 2013 and 2020 the CIESM JellyWatch program engaged an extensive survey of jellyfish outbreaks, monitored on a weekly basis in coastal waters from Morocco to the Black Sea.[15]
The Commission assumes a leading role in documenting in CIESM Atlases on Exotic Fishes, Crustaceans, Molluscs, Seaweeds the continuous arrival of tropical invaders in the Mediterranean Sea, mostly from Indo-Pacific origin, and tracks the status and routes of endangered species such as sharks, rays[16] and seabirds.[17]
The latest CIESM Congresses were held in Venice (2010), Marseille (2013), Kiel (2016),[18] Cascais (2019),[19] and Palermo (2024).[20]
Current organization
edit
Since 1992 CIESM Congresses have been held every three years, except for a five-year parenthesis due to the Covid_19 pandemic.[21] The next CIESM Congress will take place in Palermo in October 2024. The current presidency of the Commission is held by Monaco, in the person of Albert II, Prince of Monaco.[22]
In 1992 Croatia, Slovenia, and Ukraine became members, followed by the Russian Federation (2013) and Albania (Dec. 2019).[23]
Today the 23 Member States are: Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey.
CIESM works closely with various UN International Agencies such as UNESCO, IOC, IMO, WMO, or FAO and regional 'sister' organisations like ICES and UNEP/ MAP
The Commission draws on the work of researchers in over 50 countries. In 1996 CIESM restructured itself into six scientific committees:[24]
- Marine Geosciences,
- Physics and Climate of the Ocean,
- Marine Biogeochemistry,
- Marine Microbiology and Biotechnology,
- Marine Ecosystems and Living Resources,
- Coastal Systems and Marine Policies.
References
editCitations
- ^ Rozwadowski, Helen M. (2002). The sea knows no boundaries: a century of marine science. London, Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press. p. 72. ISBN 0295982863.
- ^ "CIESM - the Mediterranean Science Commission".
- ^ Berget 1910, p. 645.
- ^ a b c d e History.
- ^ "CIESM - the Mediterranean Science Commission".
- ^ Albert Ier – le scientifique.
- ^ "CIESM Historic Records of Marine Fauna".
- ^ Murariu 2009.
- ^ Pickering 2012.
- ^ "CIESM - the Mediterranean Science Commission".
- ^ Peaslee 1979, p. 271-273.
- ^ DiMento & Hickman 2012, p. 96.
- ^ "Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea - Options in Pollution Research and Environmental Monitoring".
- ^ "CIESM Workshop Monographs".
- ^ Briand, F. CIESM JellyWatch Program (2013-2020).[1]
- ^ "Guide of Mediterranean Skates & Rays – the Mediterranean Science Commission (CIESM)".
- ^ "Atlas of Seabirds in the Mediterranean & adjacent Seas – CIESM Seabirds Program".
- ^ "2016 CIESM Congress – Getting there".
- ^ "2019 CIESM Congress".
- ^ "2024 CIESM Congress".
- ^ Marine Research.
- ^ Biography – H.S.H. Prince Albert.
- ^ https://www.ciesm.org/about/history/index.htm [bare URL]
- ^ https://www.ciesm.org/marine/index.htm [bare URL]
Sources
- "Albert Ier – le scientifique". Lycée Albert 1er de Monaco. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- Benoit, Guillaume; Comeau, Aline (2005). A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean: The Blue Plan's Environment And Development Outlook. Earthscan. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-84407-259-0.
- Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5.
- Berget, Alphonse (1910). "L'Institut Océanographique et le Musée de Monaco". La Revue scientifique. 48: 641–46.
- "Biography – H.S.H. Prince Albert". Prince's Palace of Monaco. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- Caddy, John F.; Savini, M. (1988). Rapport de la cinquième Consultation technique du Conseil général des pêches pour la Méditerranée sur l'évaluation des stocks dans l'Adriatique et la mer Ionienne: Bari, Italie, 1–5 juin 1987. Food & Agriculture Org. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-5-002677-0.
- Christensen, Villy; Maclean, Jay (2011). Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries: A Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11305-2.
- "Coopération internationale de la Suisse dans le domaine de la recherche marine en Méditerranée, dans le cadre de la Commission internationale pour l'exploration scientifique de la mer Méditerranée". Secrétariat d'Etat à l'éducation et à la recherche SER. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- Davenport, John; Davenport, Julia L. (2006). The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4504-2.
- DiMento, J. F. C.; Hickman, Alexis Jaclyn (2012). Environmental Governance of the Great Seas: Law and Effect. Joseph F.C. Dimento and Alexis Jaclyn Hickman. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84844-375-4.
- Fabbri, Paolo; Fierro, Giuliano (1992). Semi-Enclosed Seas: Exchange of Environmental Experiences Between Mediterranean and Caribbean Countries. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-85166-849-6.
- "History". CIESM. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- "Marine Research". CIESM. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- Meeting on the Biogeochemical Cycle of Mercury in the Mediterranean: Supplement, FAO Fisheries Report No. 325, Sienna, Italy 27–31 Aug. 1984. Food & Agriculture Org. 1986. ISBN 978-92-5-102386-0.
- Murariu, Dumitru (26 October 2009). "Mihai Băcescu And Jacques Yves Cousteau". Animalia.ro (33). Monica Manolachi (trans.). Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- "Organization and Sessional Business of the Fourth International Fishery Congress" (PDF). Washington, U.S. A.: FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 22–26 September 1908. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- Peaslee, Amos Jenkins (1979). International Governmental Organizations: Constitutional Documents. BRILL. p. 272. ISBN 978-90-247-2087-3.
- Pickering, David (2012). "COUSTEAU, JACQUES". The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- Rades, Charles V.; Tilesman, Evan B. (2008). Advances in Environmental Research. Nova Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60456-413-6.
- "The MARCOM Consortium". MARCOM. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- Theocharis, Alexander; et al. (CIESM Initiative Group) (2003). "Long-term sustained observing system for climatic variability studies in the Mediterranean". Building the European Capacity in Operational Oceanography: Proceedings third EuroGOOS Conference. Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 978-0-444-51550-6.
- WWF Mediterranean Programme (2004). The Mediterranean Deep-sea Ecosystems: An Overview of Their Diversity, Structure, Functioning and Anthropogenic Impacts, with a Proposal for Their Conservation. IUCN. ISBN 978-2-8317-0846-1.