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C. S. Forester

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"Cecil Forester" redirects here. For other uses, see Cecil Forester (disambiguation).

Cecil Louis Troughton Smith (27 August 1899 – 2 April 1966), known by his pen name Cecil Scott "C. S." Forester, was an English novelist known for writing tales of naval warfare, such as the 12-book Horatio Hornblower series depicting a Royal Navy officer during the Napoleonic Wars.

C. S. Forester
BornCecil Louis Troughton Smith
(1899-08-27)27 August 1899
Cairo, Khedivate of Egypt
Died2 April 1966(1966-04-02) (aged 66)
Fullerton, California, U.S.
OccupationNovelist
NationalityBritish
EducationAlleyn's School, Dulwich College
GenreAdventure, drama, sea stories
Spouse
Kathleen Belcher
​
​
(m. 1926; div. 1945)​
Dorothy Foster
​
(m. 1947)​
ChildrenJohn (1929-2020); George

The Hornblower novels A Ship of the Line and Flying Colours were jointly awarded the 1938 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. Other works include The African Queen and The Good Shepherd, both of which were later adapted as movies.

During World War II, he moved to Washington, D.C. where he worked for the British Ministry of Information, writing propaganda for the Allied cause. He subsequently settled in Fullerton, California, where he died in 1966 of complications arising from a stroke.

Early years

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English heritage blue plaque in East Dulwich, south London

Forester was born in Cairo on 27 August 1899, fifth and youngest child of George Foster Smith and his wife Sarah. His father was an English teacher in a local school set up to give upper-class Egyptian boys an English education. His parents separated when he was young, and his mother took him to London, where he was educated at Alleyn's School and Dulwich College. He began to study medicine at Guy's Hospital, but left without completing his degree. He was somewhat athletic, wore glasses, and had a slender physique. He failed his Army physical and was told that there was no chance that he would be accepted. He began writing seriously, using his pen name, in around 1921.[1][2]

Second World War

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During the Second World War, Forester moved to the United States, where he worked for the British Ministry of Information and wrote propaganda to encourage the U.S. to join the Allies. He eventually settled in Berkeley, California.

In 1942, while he was living in Washington, D.C., he met the young British diplomat Roald Dahl and encouraged him to write about his experiences in the Royal Air Force.[3] According to Dahl's autobiography, Lucky Break, Forester asked him about his experiences as a fighter pilot, and this prompted Dahl to write his first story, "A Piece of Cake".[3]

Literary career

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Forester's 1934 science fiction novel The Peacemaker was reprinted in Famous Fantastic Mysteries in 1948.

Forester wrote many novels, but he is best known for the 12-book Horatio Hornblower series about an officer in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars.[4] He began the series with Hornblower a captain in the first novel, The Happy Return, which was published in 1937, but demand for more stories led him to fill in Hornblower's life story, and he wrote novels detailing his rise from the rank of midshipman. The last completed novel was published in 1962. Hornblower's fictional adventures were based on real events, but Forester wrote the body of the works carefully to avoid entanglements with real world history, so that Hornblower is always off on another mission when a great naval battle occurs during the Napoleonic Wars.

Forester's other novels include The African Queen (1935) and The General (1936); two novels about the Peninsular War, Death to the French (published in the United States as Rifleman Dodd) and The Gun (filmed as The Pride and the Passion in 1957); and seafaring stories that do not involve Hornblower, such as Brown on Resolution (1929), The Captain from Connecticut (1941), The Ship (1943), and Hunting the Bismarck (1959), which was used as the basis of the screenplay for the film Sink the Bismarck! (1960). Several of his novels have been filmed, including The African Queen (1951), directed by John Huston. Forester is also credited as story writer on several films not based on his published novels, including Commandos Strike at Dawn (1942).

Forester also wrote several volumes of short stories set during the Second World War. Those in The Nightmare (1954) were based on events in Nazi Germany, ending at the Nuremberg trials. The linked stories in The Man in the Yellow Raft (1969) follow the career of the destroyer USS Boon, while many of the stories in Gold from Crete (1971) follow the destroyer HMS Apache. The last of the stories in Gold from Crete is If Hitler Had Invaded England, which offers an imagined sequence of events starting with Hitler's attempt to implement Operation Sea Lion and culminating in the early military defeat of Nazi Germany in the summer of 1941.

His non-fiction works about seafaring include The Age of Fighting Sail (1956), an account of the sea battles between Great Britain and the United States in the War of 1812.

Forester also published the crime novels Payment Deferred (1926) and Plain Murder (1930), as well as two children's books. Poo-Poo and the Dragons (1942) was created as a series of stories told to his son George to encourage him to finish his meals. George had mild food allergies and needed encouragement to eat.[5] The Barbary Pirates (1953) is a children's history of early 19th-century pirates.

Forester appeared as a contestant on the television quiz programme You Bet Your Life, hosted by Groucho Marx, in an episode broadcast on 1 November 1956.[6]

A previously unknown novel of Forester's, The Pursued, was discovered in 2003 and published by Penguin Classics on 3 November 2011.[7][8]

Personal life

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Forester married Kathleen Belcher in 1926. They had two sons, John, born in 1929, and George, born in 1933. The couple divorced in 1945. In 1947 he married Dorothy Foster. Kathleen Belcher's great‑uncle was Capt. Edward Belcher, RN, who achieved renown as a hydrographer and explorer. After his retirement, Belcher devoted much of his time to writing. After penning biographical material, he turned his hand to naval fiction, inventing a character called Horatio Howard Brenton, and attributing great feats and adventures to him. It is possible that Forester found some inspiration in these stories for his own Horatio Hornblower.

Forester died in Fullerton, California on 2 April 1966.

John Forester wrote a two-volume biography of his father, including many elements of Forester's life which became clear to his son only after his father's death.[9][10]

Bibliography

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Horatio Hornblower

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  1. 1950 Mr Midshipman Hornblower. Michael Joseph.
  2. 1941 "The Hand of Destiny".Collier's
  3. 1950 "Hornblower and the Widow McCool" ("Hornblower’s Temptation" ""Hornblower and the Big Decision"). The Saturday Evening Post
  4. 1952 Lieutenant Hornblower. Michael Joseph.
  5. 1962 Hornblower and the Hotspur. Michael Joseph.
  6. 1967 Hornblower and the Crisis, an unfinished novel. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as Hornblower During the Crisis (posthumous)
  7. 1953 Hornblower and the Atropos. Michael Joseph.
  8. 1937 The Happy Return. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as Beat to Quarters
  9. 1938 A Ship of the Line. Michael Joseph.
  10. 1941 "Hornblower's Charitable Offering". Argosy
  11. 1938 Flying Colours. Michael Joseph.
  12. 1941 "Hornblower and His Majesty". Collier's
  13. 1945 The Commodore. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as Commodore Hornblower
  14. 1946 Lord Hornblower. Michael Joseph.
  15. 1958 Hornblower in the West Indies. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as Admiral Hornblower in the West Indies
  16. 1967 "The Last Encounter". Sunday Mirror, 8 May 1966 (posthumous).
  17. 1964 The Hornblower Companion. Michael Joseph. (Supplementary book comprising another short story, "The Point and the Edge" only as an outline, "The Hornblower Atlas" and "Some Personal Notes")

Omnibus

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  1. 1964 The Young Hornblower. (a compilation of books 1, 2 & 3). Michael Joseph.
  2. 1965 Captain Hornblower (a compilation of books 5, 6 & 7). Michael Joseph.
  3. 1968 Admiral Hornblower (a compilation of books 8, 9, 10 & 11). Michael Joseph.
  4. 2011 Hornblower Addendum – Five Short Stories (originally published in magazines)

Other novels

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Short stories

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  • "The Wandering Gentile", Liverpool Echo, 1955

Posthumous

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  • 1967 Long before Forty (autobiographical). Michael Joseph.
  • 1971 Gold from Crete (short stories). Michael Joseph.
  • 2011 The Pursued (novel). Penguin.

Collections

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  • 1944 The Bedchamber Mystery; to which is added the story of The Eleven Deckchairs and Modernity and Maternity. S. J. Reginald Saunders. Published in the US as Three Matronly Mysteries. eNet Press
  • 1954 The Nightmare. Michael Joseph
  • 1969 The Man in the Yellow Raft. Michael Joseph (posthumous)

Plays in three acts; John Lane

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Non-fiction

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  • 1922 Victor Emmanuel II. Methuen (?)
  • 1927 Victor Emmanuel II and the Union of Italy. Methuen.
  • 1924 Napoleon and his Court. Methuen.
  • 1925 Josephine, Napoleon’s Empress. Methuen.
  • 1928 Louis XIV, King of France and Navarre. Methuen.
  • 1929 Lord Nelson. John Lane.
  • 1929 The Voyage of the Annie Marble. John Lane.
  • 1930 The Annie Marble in Germany. John Lane.
  • 1936 Marionettes at Home. Michael Joseph Ltd.
  • 1953 The Adventures of John Wetherell. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
  • 1953 The Barbary Pirates. Landmark Books, Random House. Published in the UK in 1956 by Macdonald & Co.
  • 1957 The Naval War of 1812. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as The Age of Fighting Sail
  • 1959 Hunting the Bismarck. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as The Last Nine Days of the Bismark and Sink the Bismarck

Non-fiction short pieces

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  • "Calmness under Air Raids in Franco Territory". Western Mail, 28 April 1937
  • "Who Is Financing Franco?". Aberdeen Press & Journal, 5 May 1937
  • ”Sabotage". Sunday Graphic, 11 September 1938
  • "Saga of the Submarines". Falkirk Herald, 1 August 1945
  • "Hollywood Coincidence". Leicester Chronicle, 3 September 1955

Film adaptations

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In addition to providing the source material for numerous adaptations (not all of which are listed below), Forester was also credited as "adapted for the screen by" for Captain Horatio Hornblower.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Sternlicht, Sanford (1999). C.S. Forester and the Hornblower saga (Rev. ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815606215. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  2. ^ "Book: Flying colours". University of Georgia. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  3. ^ a b Donald Sturrock, Storyteller: The Life of Roald Dahl, Harper Collins 2010, p. 168.
  4. ^ "The Hornblower Companion". Historic Naval Fiction. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  5. ^ Poo-Poo and the Dragons: Preface
  6. ^ You Bet Your Life #56-06 C. S. Forrester, author of Horatio Hornblower (Name, 1 November 1956). 26 July 2017 – via YouTube.
  7. ^ "Lost CS Forester book The Pursued to be published". BBC News. 16 October 2011.
  8. ^ C. S. Forester (2011). The Pursued. Penguin. ISBN 9780141198071.
  9. ^ Forester, John (2000). Novelist & Storyteller: The Life of C. S. Forester (2 volumes) (first ed.). Lemon Grove, CA: John Forester. ISBN 978-0-940558-04-5.
  10. ^ Forester, John (2013). Novelist & Storyteller: The Life of C. S. Forester (second ed.). Lake Oswego, OR: eNet Press. ISBN 978-1-61886-004-0. Retrieved 23 July 2014.. Publisher's excerpt
  11. ^ "A Note on the Text" by Lawrence Brewer, The Pursued p. 220

Further reading

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  • Sternlicht, Sanford V., C.S. Forester and the Hornblower saga (Syracuse University Press, 1999)
  • Van der Kiste, John, C.S. Forester's Crime Noir: A view of the murder stories (KDP, 2018)
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