The Eyalet of Bosnia[3] (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت بوسنه ,Eyālet-i Bōsnâ;[4][1] Turkish: Bosna Eyaleti;[4] Serbo-Croatian: Bosanski pašaluk), was an eyalet (administrative division, also known as a beylerbeylik) of the Ottoman Empire, mostly based on the territory of the present-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prior to the Great Turkish War, it had also included most of Slavonia, Lika, and Dalmatia in present-day Croatia. Its reported area in 1853 was 52,530 square kilometres (20,281 sq mi).[5]
| Bosnia Eyalet | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire | |||||||||
| 1580–1867 | |||||||||
 The Bosnia Eyalet in 1683 | |||||||||
| Capital | Bosna-Saray (1520–1533) Banja Luka (1553–1639) Bosna-Saray (1639–1699) Travnik (1699–1832) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1732[1] | 340,000 | ||||||||
• 1787[1] | 600,000 | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1580 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1867 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of |  Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Serbia Montenegro | ||||||||
Background
editAfter the execution of King Stephen Tomašević in 1463, the central part of the Kingdom of Bosnia was transformed into the sanjak of Bosnia. The Duchy of Herzegovina was added in 1483.
History
editEstablishment
editIn 1580, Ferhad Pasha Sokolović became the first governor of the Bosnia Eyalet, as beylerbey (also referred to as "pasha").[6] The Bosnia Eyalet (or Pashaluk) included the Sanjak of Bosnia (central province), Sanjak of Herzegovina, Sanjak of Viçitrina, Sanjak of Prizren, Sanjak of Klis, Sanjak of Krka, and Sanjak of Pakrac.[6]
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The Ottoman wars in Europe continued throughout the period, and the province reached its territorial peak in 1683.
Decline
editThe Great Turkish War that ended in Ottoman defeat in 1699 led to a significant decrease in the territory of the Eyalet, losing all the Slavonian sanjaks ("Požeški sandžak" and "Pakrački sandžak"), the sanjak of Lika and big parts of the Dalmatian coast from the sanjaks of Klisa and Herzegovina. The Eyalet lost three sanjaks and suppressed one (the sanjak of Bihać): after the Treaty of Karlowitz, the province was down to four sanjaks (three of them diminished in size as well) and twelve captaincies. Before the Treaty of Passarowitz, another 28 military captaincies were formed, more than half of them along the frontier. This kind of intensive military administration corresponded to the Austrian Military Frontier on the other side of the same border. In 1703 the seat of the pasha was moved from Sarajevo to Travnik, because Sarajevo had been destroyed by fire in the war; it wouldn't be moved back until 1850.[7]
Bosnian uprising
edit
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At the beginning of the 19th century, Bosnia was one of the least developed and more autonomous provinces of the Empire.[8] In 1831, Bosnian kapudan Husein Gradaščević, after meeting in Tuzla with Bosnian aristocrats from 20 January to 5 February for preparations, finally occupied Travnik, demanding autonomy and the end of military reforms in Bosnia.[1] Ultimately, exploiting the rivalries between beys and kapudans, the grand vizier succeeded in detaching the Herzegovinian forces, led by Ali-paša Rizvanbegović, from Gradaščević's.[1] The revolt was crushed, and in 1833, a new eyalet of Herzegovina was created from the southern part of the eyalet of Bosnia and given to Ali-paša Rizvanbegović as a reward for his contribution in crushing the uprising.[1] This new entity lasted only for a few years: after Rizvanbegović's death, it was reintegrated into the Bosnia eyalet.
It was one of the first Ottoman provinces to become a vilayet after an administrative reform in 1865, and by 1867 it had been reformed into the Bosnia Vilayet.[9]
Administration
editAdministrative divisions
editAdministrative division of the eyalet of Bosnia before 1699 were as follows:[10]
|
At the beginning of the 19th century, Bosnia was composed of 7 sanjaks:[8] |
Capitals
editBosnia Eyalet's capital city moved several times:
- Travnik (1553; 1697–1833; 1839/40–1851)[12]
- Banja Luka (Banyaluka or Banaluka) (1553–1638)[13]
- Sarajevo (Saray Bosna) (1639–1697;[14] 1833–1839/40;[15][16] 1851–1878)
Governors
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, p. 91, at Google Books By Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters
- ^ Thomas, Joseph; Baldwin, Thomas (1856). Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer: A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer Or ... p. 1968.
- ^ The English Cyclopaedia: Geography By Charles Knight
- ^ a b "geonames - Provinces of the Ottoman Empire". www.geonames.de. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
- ^ The Popular encyclopedia: or, conversations lexicon, Volume 6, p. 698, at Google Books
- ^ a b Istorisko društvo Bosne i Hercegovine (1952). Godišnjak. Vol. 4.
... босанског ејалета именован је Ферхад-паша Соколовић (1580 — 1588) који је дотле био санџак-бег босански (1574 — 1580). Поред босанског санмака под власт босанског беглербега подвргнуто је још девет санџака који су дотле били у саставу румелиског или будим- ског ејалета. Уз босански санџак који је сада постао централна облает босанског пашалука овоме су ејалету одмах припојени сан- џаци: херцеговачки, вучитрнски, призренски, клишки, крчки и па- крачки, који су тада били издвојени из румелиског ејатета, и зворнички и пожешки, који су били издвсјени избудмскогејалета.Тако се босански беглербеглук, ејалет или пашалук у почетку свога оп- стојања састојао од десет санџака.
- ^ Territorial proposals for the settlement of the war in Bosnia-Hercegovina, p. 15, at Google Books By Mladen Klemenčić
- ^ a b Religious separation and political intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina, p. 84, at Google Books By Mitja Velikonja
- ^ Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique. J. Perthes. 1867. pp. 827–829. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
- ^ Orhan Kılıç, XVII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Osmanlı Devleti'nin Eyalet ve Sancak Teşkilatlanması, Osmanlı, Cilt 6: Teşkilât, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 1999, ISBN 975-6782-09-9, p. 91. (in Turkish)
- ^ Starine (in Croatian). Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. 1962. p. 347.
Od druge polovice XVI stoljeca Klis kao da gubi vaznost u poredbi s Livnom. Otada pocinje sandzak-beg kliski stanovati u Livnu. Sama gradska posada u Klisu jos je jaka, broji do 400 ratnika.
- ^ Muharem Bazdulj (2002-03-01). "Travnik, poligon historije - Nimalo slučajan grad". BH Dani (in Bosnian). Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
- ^ "Bosnia and Hercegovina".
- ^ Zlatko Lukić. "Boj pod Banjalukom (1737.)" (in Bosnian). Archived from the original on 2010-08-30. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
- ^ Ahmed Aličić Uređenje bosanskog ejaleta od 1789. do 1878., Orijentalni Institut u Sarajevu, Sarajevo, 1983, p 35.
- ^ Šabanović, H. Bosanski pašaluk, ND BiH, Sarajevo, 1959.
Sources
edit- Ibrahimagić, Omer (1998). Constitutional development of Bosnia and Herzegovina (PDF). Sarajevo: Vijeće kongresa bošnjačkih intelektualaca. ISBN 9958-47-030-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
Further reading
edit- Teinović, Bratislav M. (2020). "Преглед политичког живота у босанском ејалету (1804–1878)" [A review of the political life in the Bosnian eyalet (1804–1878)]. Kultura polisa. 17 (42): 137–154. eISSN 2812-9466.