Bioenergy forms a small part of the Turkish energy sector. There is unrealised potential to generate bioenergy using waste from the country's vast agricultural sector and forest resources. The possibility of expanding biogas, biofuel and bioethanol production and use has been suggested to supplement Turkey's energy needs, reduce dependency on fossil fuel imports and cut greenhouse gas emissions.
Overview
editTurkey is highly dependent on fossil fuels for its energy needs, contributing to increasing greenhouse gas emissions and raising concerns over energy security.[1] Since 1980, Turkey has considered using biomass for energy and heating, and in the 2010s included a biomass component in its target of achieving 20% renewable energy by 2023.[1] The economic biomass potential of Turkey is 32 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe)/year.[2] Total biomass production is estimated to reach 52.5 Mtoe by 2030.[3] An estimated 6.5 million homes in Turkey use biomass as their main source of heating fuel.[3]
Waste from the country's vast agricultural sector has potential as a source of heat and energy,[4][5] and could reduce dependency on foreign fuel imports.[1][6][4] Bio-waste from Marmara Region has potential to generate almost half its energy needs.[6] The country's rich forest resources have also been proposed as a source of renewable bioenergy.[7] Forest residues (wood chips and pellets) from industrial activities are also a potential source of biomass - their use in energy generation could reduce Turkeys' greenhouse gas emissions by 1.5% and save $0.5 billion annually by reducing the need for fossil fuel imports.[8] Sources of biomass energy include grain dust, wheat straw, and hazelnut shell.[2] [better source needed] Biomass as an energy source is advantageous due to its ability to be readily available all year round.[3][need quotation to verify]
Tupraş intends to make sustainable aviation fuel. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage has been suggested[by whom?] to remove residual greenhouse gas emissions after net zero in 2053.[9]
There are drawbacks to using biomass as energy in Turkey. These include but are not limited to: availability (seasonally and geographically), production (based on climate conditions), and cost of transportation. Overall, the cost of biomass waste varies depending on Turkey's economic status and crop production.[3] As of 2022[update] there are no reliable production or export statistics.[10]
Biogas
edit
There is significant biogas generation potential in Turkey.[11] More than eighty five million tons of animal waste is produced annually in Turkey. This could be used to produce over 1.8 million tons of oil equivalent (toe). With plant waste included the potential raises to over 5.3 million tons of oil equivalent (toe).[12] A 2022 study estimated the country's biogas potential at 7 billion m3 per year.[13] However, only 85 biogas facilities with 36 plants are currently[when?] in operation in Turkey.[11] Eastern and Central Anatolia have the greatest potential for electricity generation from animal waste.[14] The world's largest landfill gas power plant began operating in 2020 in Istanbul.[15]
Biofuel
editOne percent of fuel requirements in Turkey are produced by biofuels, with an estimated increase of seven percent in 2023.[16]
Biojet production is hoped to be certified in 2022.[17] A biodiesel plant is planned.[18][needs update] The European Union and Ministry of Industry and Technology funded the establishment of a biorefinery in Istanbul, which converts processes algae biomass into biofuel and other products.[19]
Bioethanol
edit
In 2011, Turkish Energy Regulatory Agency (EMRA) mandated biofuel blending for bioethanol (2%) and biodiesel (1%).[20] Approximately 1.5 million tons of biodiesel and 3 million tons of bioethanol are produced in Turkey.[3] Sugar beets are the main source of bioethanol production in Turkey, followed by corn and wheat, with a yearly production of 15, 4.3 and 20 tons per year, respectively.[21][16][better source needed]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c Rincon, Luis; Puri, Manas; Kojakovic, Ana; Maltsoglou, Irini (2019-07-01). "The contribution of sustainable bioenergy to renewable electricity generation in Turkey: Evidence based policy from an integrated energy and agriculture approach". Energy Policy. 130: 69–88. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.03.024. ISSN 0301-4215. S2CID 159150912.
- ^ a b Erdogdu, Erkan (2008-06-01). "An exposé of bioenergy and its potential and utilization in Turkey". Energy Policy. 36 (6): 2182–2190. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.041. ISSN 0301-4215.
- ^ a b c d e Ozturk, Munir; Saba, Naheed; Altay, Volkan; Iqbal, Rizwan; Hakeem, Khalid Rehman; Jawaid, Mohammad; Ibrahim, Faridah Hanum (2017-11-01). "Biomass and bioenergy: An overview of the development potential in Turkey and Malaysia". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 79: 1285–1302. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.111. ISSN 1364-0321. S2CID 114342109.
- ^ a b "BEFS Assessment for Turkey: Sustainable bioenergy options from crop and livestock residues" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ "From waste to energy: Turkey looks to biomass to achieve 'green growth'". UNIDO. 30 August 2021. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
- ^ a b Ocak, Semra; Acar, Sevil (2021-12-01). "Biofuels from wastes in Marmara Region, Turkey: potentials and constraints". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28 (46): 66026–66042. Bibcode:2021ESPR...2866026O. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15464-3. ISSN 1614-7499. PMID 34324148. S2CID 236478622.
- ^ Sarıkoç, Selçuk (2020-07-08), "Bioenergy Potential of Turkey's Forest Sources, Biomass Energy Conversion Methods, Products, and Applications", Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications, IntechOpen, ISBN 978-1-83881-001-6, retrieved 2024-01-18
- ^ Balcioglu, Gulizar; Jeswani, Harish K.; Azapagic, Adisa (2023-05-20). "Energy from forest residues in Turkey: An environmental and economic life cycle assessment of different technologies". Science of the Total Environment. 874: 162316. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.874p2316B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162316. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 36813199.
- ^ "Net Zero 2053: A Roadmap for the Turkish Electricity Sector" (PDF).
- ^ "Concern grows that increased Turkish biomass exports originate from Russia". Bioenergy Insight Magazine. 9 December 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
- ^ a b "Assessment of actual framework conditions and potentials for Biogas investments in Turkey" (PDF). Turkish-German biogas project. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
- ^ "Biogas Energy In Turkey".
- ^ Aksay, Mehmet Volkan; Tabak, Abdulsamed (2022-11-01). "Mapping of biogas potential of animal and agricultural wastes in Turkey". Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 12 (11): 5345–5362. doi:10.1007/s13399-022-02538-6. ISSN 2190-6823. S2CID 247503461.
- ^ Caliskan, Meltem; Tumen Ozdil, Naime Filiz (2021-09-01). "Potential of Biogas and Electricity Production from Animal Waste in Turkey". BioEnergy Research. 14 (3): 860–869. Bibcode:2021BioER..14..860C. doi:10.1007/s12155-020-10193-w. ISSN 1939-1242. S2CID 225007329.
- ^ "Istanbul completes first phase of world's biggest landfill gas power plant". Balkan Green Energy News. 2020-09-17. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
- ^ a b Acaroğlu, Mustafa; Aydoğan, Hasan (2012-01-01). "Biofuels energy sources and future of biofuels energy in Turkey". Biomass and Bioenergy. 36: 69–76. Bibcode:2012BmBe...36...69A. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.10.004. ISSN 0961-9534.
- ^ "Türkiye'de biyokütle santralleri 2021'deki elektrik üretiminin yüzde 2,3'ünü karşıladı" [Biomass power plants in Turkey met 2.3 percent of electricity production in 2021]. Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). 7 January 2022.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2014-11-01.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "New €6 million project in Istanbul is turning algae into bio-jet fuel". euronews. 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
- ^ Boluk, Gulden; Koc, A. Ali (2013). "The Implications of Biofuel Policy in Turkey". International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 3. Mersin: n/a. ProQuest 1439843299.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2014-11-01.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)