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A valediction (derivation from Latin vale dicere, "to say farewell"),[1] parting phrase, or complimentary close in American English,[2] is an expression used to say farewell, especially a word or phrase used to end a letter or message,[3][4] or a speech made at a farewell.[3]
Valediction's counterpart is a greeting called a salutation.
Oral valedictions
editParting phrases are used to acknowledge the parting of individuals or groups of people from each other. They are an element of parting traditions. Parting phrases are specific to culture and situation, and vary based on the social status and relationship of the persons involved.
Religious and traditional parting phrases
edit- "As-Salamu Alaykum" or "Salam" ("Peace be upon you"), used among Muslims and Arabs
- "Goodbye", an English parting phrase used in the West, is a contraction of "God be by ye".[5]
- "Khuda Hafiz" ("God protect (you)"), used among Iranians and South Asian Muslims
- "Namaste", parting phrase of Indian origin
- "Shalom" ("Peace"), used among Jewish parting and greeting phrase
Written valedictions
editValedictions normally immediately precede the signature in written correspondence. The word or words used express respect, esteem, or regard for the person to whom the correspondence is directed, and the exact form used depends on a number of factors.[6]
In British English, valedictions have largely been replaced by the use of "Yours sincerely" or "Yours faithfully". "Yours sincerely" is typically employed in English when the recipient is addressed by name (e.g. "Dear John") and is known to the sender to some degree, whereas "Yours faithfully" is used when the recipient is not addressed by name (i.e., the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam") or when the recipient is not known personally by the sender.[7]
Formal usage
editHistorically, valedictions were often elaborate and formal. Vestiges of such formality remain in various cases. The examples below are subject to some variation but generally follow the pattern described.
United Kingdom
edit- Letters to the King of the United Kingdom should end, "I have the honour to remain, Sir, Your Majesty's most humble and obedient servant."[8] Alternatively, "I remain, with the profoundest veneration, your Majesty's most faithful subject and dutiful servant."[9]
- Letters to other members of the royal family should end, "I have the honour to remain, Sir/Madam, Your Royal Highness's most humble and obedient servant."[8]
- Letters to ambassadors should end, "I have the honour to be, with the highest consideration, Your Excellency's obedient servant."[10]
- Letters to high commissioners should end, "I have the honour to be Your Excellency's obedient servant."[10]
- Letters to the pope should end, "I have the honour to be Your Holiness's most devoted and obedient child." (substituting "obedient servant" if not a Roman Catholic).[11]
- Letters to a cardinal should end, "I have the honour to be, My Lord Cardinal, Your Eminence's devoted and obedient child." (substituting "obedient servant" if not a Roman Catholic).[11]
- Letters to an archbishop should end, "I have the honour to be Your Grace's devoted and obedient child." (substituting "obedient servant" if not a co-religionist).[11]
- Letters to a bishop should end, "I have the honour to be Your Lordship's obedient child." (substituting "obedient servant" if not a co-religionist).[11]
- Letters to an abbot should end, "I beg to remain, my Lord Abbot, your devoted and obedient servant."[11]
Business usage in the United States
editThe following table contains complimentary closings as recommended for business hard-letter use by two American authorities: Barron's Educational Series[12] and American Management Association (AMACOM).[13]
| Closing | Recommended use |
|---|---|
| Yours truly, | "formal closing" (Barron's); "no personal connection between writer and recipient" (AMACOM) |
| Very truly yours, | "no personal connection between writer and recipient" (AMACOM) |
| Respectfully yours, | "formal closing" (Barron's); to person of acknowledged authority or "great formality" (AMACOM) |
| Sincerely, or Sincerely yours, | "less formal closing" (Barron's); personal and business relationship (AMACOM) |
| Cordially, | "less formal closing" (Barron's) |
| Cordially yours, | often used, but it is "incorrect" (AMACOM) |
| Regards, Personal regards, Kindest regards, | "personal closing" (Barron's) |
Diplomatic usage
editA diplomatic note verbale always ends with an elaborate valediction, most commonly "[Sender] avails itself of this opportunity to renew to [recipient] the assurances of its highest consideration".[14]
Valedictions in e-mail
editValedictions in formal e-mail are similar to valedictions in letters; on the whole, they are variations of "regards" and "yours".[15] However, a wide range of popular valedictions are used in casual e-mail but very rarely in letters.[15]
Other forms
edit- "Yours aye" is a Scottish expression meaning "Yours always", still commonly used as a valediction to end written correspondence in the Royal Navy and British Army,[16] and occasionally used by sailors or people working in a maritime context. It is commonly used in the Royal Australian Navy as a sign-off in written communication such as emails.
- "Yours, etc." is used historically for abbreviated endings. It can be found in older newspaper letters to the editor, and often in US legal correspondence. "&c." may be seen as an alternative abbreviation of et cetera, the ampersand functioning as a ligature form of "et". "I am, etc." and "I remain, etc." are also used.[citation needed]
United States military usage
editCurrent regulations of the United States Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Army, and the U.S. Navy call for two complimentary closings for letters: "Respectfully yours" and "Sincerely". "Respectfully yours" is reserved for the president (and, for the Army only, the president's spouse) and the president-elect. "Sincerely" is used in all other cases.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
Phrases from fictional works
edit- "Hasta la vista, baby" and "I'll be back", both popularized by The Terminator entertainment franchise
- "Live long and prosper", a Vulcan salute from the Star Trek entertainment franchise
- "May the Force be with you", a parting phrase from the Star Wars entertainment franchise
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. 1996. p. 519.
- ^ Complimentary close on The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition.
- ^ a b Valediction – Definition from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. (2011). as cited by The Free Dictionary.
- ^ Valediction Dictionary.co.uk.
- ^ Shipley, Joseph T. (15 January 1955). Dictionary of Early English. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 305. ISBN 9781442233997.
- ^ Scheyder, Elizabeth (2003). "The Use of Complimentary Closings in E-mail: American English Examples". Working Papers in Educational Linguistics. 19 (1): 27–42. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- ^ "Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?". Daily Writing Tips.
- ^ a b "Addressing Royalty: Communicating With the Queen". Debrett's.
- ^ Ltd, Cassell (1869). Cassell's Household Guide - Hints to Letter Writers. Рипол Классик. ISBN 9785871686072.
- ^ a b "Diplomatic Service: Forms of Address". Debrett's.
- ^ a b c d e "The Roman Catholic Church: Forms of Address". Debrett's.
- ^ Alan Bond, 300 Successful Business Letters for All Occasions, 2nd Edition (Barron's Educational Series, 2005), 7.
- ^ James Stroman, Kevin Wilson, Jennifer Wauson, Administrative Assistant's and Secretary's Handbook, 5th Edition (AMACOM: American Management Association, 2014), 299.
- ^ "Diplomatic Translation". Translation Journal. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ a b Kallos, Judith. "Email Sign-off Considerations". Net M@nners. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
- ^ "Walking down the street, opening doors and wearing hats at weddings", The Sunday Times.
- ^ Department of Defense (October 26, 2010). Manual for Written Material: Correspondence Management (PDF). DoDM 5110.04-M-V1. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011.
- ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff (April 2013). Joint Staff Guide, DOM/SJS, JS Guide 5711.
- ^ Editorial Guidance and Accepted Usage for Joint Staff Correspondence, Enclosure K, K-1 to K-10 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2013.
- ^ Army Regulation 25–50, Preparing and Managing Correspondence (PDF), 6 July 2015, retrieved September 8, 2015
- ^ SECNAV Manual M-216.5 Appendix B, Civilian Models of Address, B1-B10 (PDF), March 2010, retrieved September 8, 2015
- ^ Air Force Handbook 33-337, "Communications and Information" THE TONGUE AND QUILL (PDF), 27 May 2015, pp. 197–213, retrieved September 8, 2015
- ^ "Department of the Navy Correspondence Manual" (PDF). US Department of the Navy. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
External links
edit
Further reading
edit- Speake, Jennifer, ed. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-863159-6.