Bentham & Hooker system

A taxonomic system for seed plants was published in Bentham and Hooker's Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita in three volumes between 1862 and 1883.^[1]^[2]

George Bentham (1800–1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911) were British botanists who were closely affiliated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in England. Their system of botanical taxonomy was based on the principle of natural affinities and is considered as pre-Darwinian as it does not take evolution into account. The Genera plantarum classified an estimated 97,205 species into 202 families and 7,569 genera.^[1]

Summary

The system recognises the following main groups:

Class DICOTYLEDONES
- DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALE vol I
  - Series 1. Thalamiflorae
    
    Series 2. Disciflorae
    
    Series 3. Calyciflorae
- DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II
  - Series 1. Inferae
    
    Series 2. Heteromerae
    
    Series 3. Bicarpellatae
- DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III
Class GYMNOSPERMEÆ vol III (1)
Class MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2)

Families and orders in the Bentham & Hooker system

Note that this system was published well before there were internationally accepted rules for botanical nomenclature. It indicates a family by "ordo"; an order is indicated by "cohors" (in the first two volumes) or "series" (in the third volume); in the first two volumes “series” refers to a rank above that of order. Terminations for families are not what they are now. Neither of these phenomena is a problem from a nomenclatural perspective: the ICBN provides for this

Dicotyledonae

Dicotyledonae

DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALARUM Vol I
SERIES I THALAMIFLORÆ
COHORS I. RANALES
I. RANUNCULACEÆ

II. DILLENIACEAE

III. CALYCANTHACEÆ

IV. MAGNOLIACEAE

V. ANONACEAE [sic]

VI. MENISPERMACEÆ

VII. BERBERIDACEÆ

VIII. NYMPHÆACEAE

COHORS II. PARIETALES
IX. SARRACENIACEAE

X. PAPAVERACEAE

XI. CRUCIFERAE

XII. CAPPARIDEAE

XIII. RESEDACEAE

XIV. CISTINEAE

XV. VIOLARIEAE p. 114 4 tribes

XVI. CANELLACEAE

XVII. BIXINEAE

COHORS III. POLYGALINÆ
XVIII. PITTOSPOREÆ

XIX. TREMANDREAE

XX. POLYGALAE

XXa. VOCHYSIACEAE

COHORS IV. CARYOPHYLLINÆ
XXI. FRANKENIACEÆ

XXII. CARYOPHYLLEÆ

XXIII. PORTULACEÆ

XXIV. TAMARISCINEÆ

COHORS V. GUTTIFERALES
XXV. ELATINEÆ

XXVI. HYPERICINEÆ

XXVII. GUTTIFERÆ

XXVIII. TERNSTROEMIACEÆ

XXIX. DIPTEROCARPEÆ

XXX. CHLENACEÆ

COHORS VI. MALVALES
XXXI. MALVACEÆ

XXXII. STERCULIACEÆ

XXXIII. TILIACEÆ

SERIES II. DISCIFLORÆ
COHORS VII. GERANIALES
XXXIV LINEÆ

XXXV. HUMIRIACEÆ

XXXVI. MALPIGHIACEÆ

XXXVII. ZYGOPHYLLEÆ

XXXVIII. GERANIACEÆ

XXXIX. RUTACEÆ

XL. SIMARUBEÆ [sic]

XLI. OCHNACEÆ

XLII. BURSERACEÆ

XLIII. MELIACEÆ

XLIV. CHAILLETIACEÆ

COHORS VIII. OLACALES
XLV. OLACINEÆ

XLVI. ILICINEÆ

COHORS IX. CELASTRALES
XLVII. CELASTRINEÆ

XLVIII. STACKHOUSIEÆ

XLIX. RHAMNEÆ

L. AMPELIDEÆ

COHORS X. SAPINDALES
LI. SAPINDACEÆ

LII. SABIACEÆ

LIII. ANACARDIACEÆ

ORDINES V. POTIUS GENERA ANOMALA
LIV. CORIARIEÆ

LV. MORINGEÆ

SERIES III. CALYCIFLORÆ
COHORS XI. ROSALES
LVI. CONNARACEÆ

LVII. LEGUMINOSÆ

LVIII. ROSACEÆ

LIX. SAXIFRAGEÆ

LX. CRASSULACEÆ

LXI. DROSERACEÆ

LXII. HAMAMELIDEÆ

LXIII. BRUNIACEÆ

LXIV. HALORAGEÆ

COHORS XII. MYRTALES
LXV. RHIZOPHOREÆ

LXVI. COMBRETACEÆ

LXVII. MYRTACEÆ

LXVIII. MELASTOMACEÆ

LXIX. LYTHRARIEÆ

LXX. ONAGRARIEÆ

COHORS XIII. PASSIFLORALES
LXXI. SAMYDACEÆ

LXXII. LOASEÆ

LXXIII. TURNERACEÆ

LXXIV. PASSIFLOREÆ

LXXV. CUCURBITACEÆ

LXXVI. BEGONIACEÆ

LXXVII. DATISCEÆ

COHORS XIV. FICOIDALES
LXXVIII. CACTEÆ

LXXIX. FICIOIDEÆ

COHORS XV. UMBELLALES
LXXX. UMBELLIFERÆ

LXXXI. ARALIACEÆ

LXXXII. CORNACEÆ
DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II
SERIES I. INFERÆ
COHORS I. RUBIALES
LXXXIII. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ

LXXXIV. RUBIACEÆ

COHORS II. ASTERALES
LXXXV. VALERIANEÆ

LXXXVI. DIPSACEÆ

LXXXVII. CALCEREÆ

LXXXVIII. COMPOSITÆ

COHORS III. CAMPANALES
LXXXIX. STYLIDIEÆ

XC. GOODENOVIEÆ

XCI. CAMPANULACEÆ

SERIES II. HETEROMERÆ
COHORS IV ERICALES
XCII. VACCINIACEÆ

XCIII. ERICACEÆ

XCIV. MONOTROPEÆ

XCV. EPACRIDEÆ

XCVI. DIAPENSIACEÆ

XCVII. LENNOACEÆ

COHORS V. PRIMULALES
XCVIII. PLUMBAGINEÆ

XCIX. PRIMULACEÆ

C. MYRSINEÆ

COHORS VI. EBENALES
CI. SAPOTACEÆ

CII. EBENACEÆ

CIII. STYRACEÆ

SERIES III. BICARPELLATÆ
COHORS VII. GENTIANALES
CIV. OLEACEÆ

CV. SALVADORACEÆ

CVI. APOCYNACEÆ

CVII. ASCLEPIADEÆ

CVIII. LOGANIACEÆ

CIX. GENTIANEÆ

COHORS VIII. POLEMONIALES
CX. POLEMONIACEÆ

CXI. HYDROPHYLLACEÆ

CXII. BORAGINEÆ

CXIII. CONVOLVULACEÆ

CXIV. SOLANACEÆ

COHORS IX. PERSONALES
CXV. SCROPHULARINEÆ

CXVI. OROBRANCHACEÆ

CXVII. LENTIBULARIEÆ

CXVIII. COLUMELLIACEÆ

CXIX. GESNERACEÆ [sic]

CXX. BIGNONIACEÆ

CXXI. PEDALINEÆ

CXXII. ACANTHACEÆ

COHORS X. LAMIALES
CXXIII. MYOPORINEÆ

CXXIV. SELAGINEÆ

CXXV. VERBENACEÆ

CXXVI. LABIATÆ

incertae sedis
CXXVII. PLANTAGINEÆ
DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III
Series I. Curvembryeæ
CXXVIII. NYCTAGINEÆ

CXXIX. ILLECEBRACEÆ

CXXX. AMARANTACEÆ [sic]

CXXXI. CHENOPODIACEÆ

CXXXII. PHYTOLACCACEÆ

CXXXIII. BATIDEÆ

CXXXIV. POLYGONACEÆ

Series II. Multiovulatæ Aquaticæ
CXXXV. PODOSTEMONACEÆ

Series III. Multiovulatæ Terrestres
CXXXVI. NEPENTHACEÆ

CXXXVII. CYTINACEÆ

CXXXVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ

Series IV. Microembryeæ
CXXXIX. PIPERACEÆ

CXL. CHLORANTACEÆ

CXLI. MYRISTICEÆ

CXLII. MONIMIACEÆ

Series V. Daphnales
CXLIII. LAURINEÆ

CXLIV. PROTEACEÆ

CXLV. THYMELÆACEÆ

CXLVI. PENÆACEÆ

CXLVII. ELÆAGNACEÆ

Series VI. Achlamydosporeæ
CXLVIII. LORANTHACEÆ

CXLIX. SANTALACEÆ

CL. BALANOPHOREÆ

Series VII. Unisexuales
CLI. EUPHORBIACEÆ

CLII. BALANOPEÆ

CLIII. URTICACEÆ

CLIV. PLATANACEÆ

CLV. LEITNERIEÆ

CLVI. JUGLANDEÆ

CLVII. MYRICACEÆ

CLVIII. CASUARINEÆ

CLIX. CUPULIFERÆ

Series VIII. Ordines anomali (incertae sedis)
CLX. SALICINEÆ

CLXI. LACISTEMACEÆ

CLXII. EMPETRACEÆ

CLXIII. CERATOPHYLLEÆ
'GYMNOSPERMEÆ [sic] vol III (1)
CLXIV. GNETACEÆ

CLXV. CONIFERÆ

CLXVI. CYCADACEÆ

Gymnosperms

vol III
Family:-

1> Gnetaceae 2> Coniferae 3> Cycadaceae

Monocotyledons

Monocotyledons

Summary pp viii–xi
MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2) p. 448

Series I. Microspermæ p. 448

CLXVII. HYDROCHARIDEÆp. 448

CLXVIII. BURMANNIACEÆ

CLXIX. ORCHIDEÆ p. 460

Series II Epigynæ p. 636

CLXX. SCITAMINEÆ p. 636^[3]

CLXXI. BROMELIACEÆ p. 657

CLXXII. HAEMODORACEÆ p. 671

CLXXIII. IIRIDEÆ p. 681 3 tribes

CLXXIV. AMARYLLIDEÆ p. 711 5 tribes
I Tribus Hypoxideae p. 716

II Tribus Amarylleae p. 718 3 subtribes

III Tribus Alstroemerieae p. 735

IV Tribus Agaveae p. 737

V Tribus Vellosieae p. 739

CLXXV. TACCACEÆ p. 740

CLXXVI. DIOSCOREACEÆ p. 741

Series III Coronarieæ p. 746

CLXXVII. ROXBURGHIACEÆ p. 746

CLXXVIII. LILIACEÆ p. 748 (20 tribes) Schema 748–763
Tribus I Smilaceae p. 763

Tribus II Asparageae p. 764

Tribus III Luzuriageae

Tribus IV Polygonateae p. 768

Tribus V Convallariae

Tribus VI Aspidistreae

Tribus VII Hemerocalleae

Tribus VIII Aloineae
...
Tribus X Asphodeleae p. 781 5 subtribes

Tribus XI Johnsonieae p. 795

Tribus XII Allieae p. 798 Schema p. 750 4 subtribes
Subtribus I Agapantheae p. 798

Subtribus II Euallieae p. 798

Subtribus III Gilliesieae p. 804

Subtribus IV Massonieae p. 806

Tribus XIII Scilleae p. 807

Tribus XIV Tulipeae p. 816

Tribus XV Colchiceae
...
Tribus XX Veratreae p. 834

CLXXIX. PONTEDERIACEÆ p. 836

CLXXX. PHILYDRACEÆ p. 840

CLXXXI. XYRIDEÆ p. 841

CLXXXII. MAYACEÆ p. 843

CLXXXIII. COMMELINACEÆ p. 844

CLXXXIV. RAPATEACEÆ p. 857

Series VI Calycineæ p. 860

CLXXXV. FLAGELLARIEÆ

CLXXXVI. JUNCACEÆ

CLXXXVII. PALMÆ

Series V. Nudifloreæ p. 949

CLXXXVIII. PANDANEÆ

CLXXXIX. CYCLANTHACEÆ

CXC TYPHACEÆ

CXCI. AROIDEÆ

CXCII. LEMNACEÆ p. 1000

Series VI. Apocarpæ p.1001

CXCIII. TRIURIDEÆ

CXCIV. ALISMACEÆ p. 1003

CXCV. NAIADACEÆ [sic]

Series VII. Glumaceæ p. 1019

CXCVI. ERIOCAULEÆ

CXCVII. CENTROLEPIDEÆ p. 1025

CXCVIII. RESTIACEÆ

CXCIX. CYPERACEÆ

CC. GRAMINEÆ

References

Bibliography

Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1862–1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (3 vols.). London: L Reeve & Co. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- 1 Part 1 Index p.441
Bentham, George (February 1877). "On the Distribution of the Monocotyledonous Orders into Primary Groups, more especially in reference to the Australian Flora, with notes on some points of Terminology". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 15 (88): 490–520. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1877.tb00261.x.
Singh, Gurcharan (2010). Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach (3 ed.). Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1578083510. Retrieved 23 January 2014.

[B&H-1] Singh 2010, Bentham & Hooker pp. 308–312

[FOOTNOTEBenthamHooker1862–1883-2] Bentham & Hooker 1862–1883.

[Scitamineae-3] Bentham & Hooker 1862–1883, Scitamineae pp. 636–657

[1]

[2]

[3]