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Benkan of Emperor Kōmei

The Benkan of Emperor Kōmei (孝明天皇の冕冠) is an imperial crown in the benkan style worn by Emperor Kōmei (reigned 1846–1867) of Japan.

Benkan of Emperor Kōmei
Details
CountryJapan
Made1771 or 1847
OwnerJapan's Imperial Household
MaterialGilded copper, thin silk (ra), brocade, crystal, and glass
CapSilk

From Emperor Shōmu in the 8th century to Emperor Kōmei, the benkan, influenced by the Chinese mianguan, was used in the enthronement ceremonies of Japanese emperors. Starting with Emperor Meiji (reigned 1867–1912), the more Japanese-style ryūei no kan (立纓冠, lit. 'crown with standing tail ornament') has been used in enthronement ceremonies.

The benkan of Emperor Kōmei is designated as an imperial treasure (御物, gyobutsu). Although it is not normally open to the public, it was displayed in 2020 to commemorate Emperor Naruhito's accession to the throne.

Origin

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The benkan is a crown worn by Japanese emperors in conjunction with kon'e (袞衣, imperial robes) during the enthronement ceremony. The kon'e is embroidered with twelve ornaments reserved for the emperor, and when paired with the kon'e, the ensemble is referred to as the konben twelve ornaments (袞冕十二章).

In the Imperial Costume Catalogue (part of the collection of the Imperial Household Agency, Shoryō Department), compiled in 1912 during a survey of costumes stored in the Kyoto Imperial Palace, this bekan is listed as "Imperial property of Emperor Kōmei." It is believed to have been newly crafted for Emperor Kōmei at the time of his enthronement.

However, Tokinari Kyō Ki (The Record of Tokinari), the diary of aristocrat Tokinari Yamashina (山科言成), states that an "ancient" crown was used for the accession of Emperor Kōmei to the throne, suggesting the possibility that the bekan belonged to an earlier emperor.[1]

In Tokinari Kyō Ki, under the entry for August 25, 1847 (Kōka 4), it is recorded that Emperor Kōmei's benkan originally belonged to Emperor Go-Momozono.[a] It also states that the ryū (chain-like ornaments) and other parts were damaged and subsequently repaired.[2]

Since Emperor Go-Momozono conducted his enthronement ceremony in 1771 (Meiwa 8), if Emperor Kōmei’s benkan had indeed belonged to Emperor Go-Momozono’s, it would have been newly crafted in 1771.

Features

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Benkan diagram:
  1. Sun and three-legged crow
  2. Auspicious clouds
  3. Flaming sacred gem
  4. Benban
  5. Tatetama
  6. Koji (cap)
  7. Chains
  8. Oshikazura (openwork crown)
  9. Chinstraps

The crown measures 20.5 cm in length, 19.5 cm in width, and 37.5 cm in height. The materials used are copper, thin silk (ra), brocade, crystal, and glass, while the manufacturing process includes forging and gilding.[3]

A gilt-bronze crown called an oshikazura (押鬘) is placed around a rounded black cap called a koji (巾子). A thin band of metal fittings is attached to the lower part of the oshikazura. The material and design of the metal fittings are brocade with a check design woven into it, and on the top and bottom of the metal fittings are a series of small dots arranged in a thin line.

The upper part of the oshikazura is openwork with a floral and arabesque design. The openwork is decorated in places with three-dimensional floral ornaments of six-petaled flowers with a colored glass bead in the center.

At the top of the crown is a rectangular board called a benban (冕板) with a gilt-bronze frame covered with black thin silk (ra). In the center of the benban is an ornament consisting of a flame and a crystal ball, and in front is a gilt-bronze rod with a sun-shaped ornament at the end, which contains a carved three-legged crow (Yatagarasu). Below the sun-shaped ornament is an ornament of auspicious clouds (瑞雲, zuiun). Around the four sides of the benban are tatetama (立玉, lit. 'standing jewels') ornaments of gilt-bronze stems with petals inlaid with colored beads at the tips and in the middle. The sides of the benban are divided into three sections, each section containing two gilt-bronze flower ornaments with five petals stacked on top of each other.

 
Emperor Kōmei wearing ryūei no kan, a Japanese-style crown.

Eighteen chains hang from one end of the benban. Nine of these chains are made of thin wire rings joined, with two colored glass beads between them, and the tips of the rings are further divided into three chains. The other nine are short chains with gilt-bronze bud-shaped ornaments at the tips.[3]

These chains hang down on four sides, resulting in 72 chains in total. This is three times the number of chains on the Chinese emperor's mianguan, which has 12 chains on each side of the benban, for a total of 24 chains. If the chains with three separate tips are counted as three chains, each side has 36 chains, for a total of 144 chains.

The number of chains and jade beads attached to the Chinese mianguan is based on the descriptions and interpretations in Confucian scriptures such as the Rites of Zhou and the Book of Rites, but the style of the Japanese benkan is not confined by such Confucian interpretations.

The chains are not threaded onto beads as in the Chinese mianguan, but rather consist of wire rings joined to form a chain. This style of chain is probably influenced by ancient gilt-bronze crowns and the ornaments on Japanese Buddhist statues.

Comparison with other benkan

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A benkan from 1654 has been handed down to Yasaka Shrine in Kyoto as a sacred treasure. The features of this crown are similar to those of Emperor Kōmei's benkan, including the sun-shaped ornament standing in front of the benban, the tate-tama arranged around the four sides of the benban, and the chain that connects the rings.[4] Therefore, it can be said that a crown similar in style to Emperor Kōmei's benkan existed during the mid-17th century.[5]

Emperor Ninkō's benkan has also been handed down as an imperial treasure in the Higashiyama Gobunko warehouse of the Kyoto Imperial Palace, and its shape is almost the same as that of Emperor Kōmei's benkan.[6]

See also

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Notes

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ The original text is "御玉冠、御古物御修復、其實ハ、後桃園院御料."

Citations

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  1. ^ Takeda & Tsuda 2016, p. 294.
  2. ^ Jingūji Office, ed. (1910). 古事類苑 第43冊 [Kojiruien, Volume 43]. Kojiruien Publication Association. pp. 1098–1099. doi:10.11501/1874256.1098-1099&rft.pub=Kojiruien Publication Association&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info:doi/10.11501/1874256&rft_id=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1874256&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Benkan of Emperor Kōmei" class="Z3988">
  3. ^ a b Kyoto National Museum 2020, p. 214.
  4. ^ "八坂神社の神宝、近くで感じて 普段は非公開" [Feel the divine treasures of Yasaka Shrine up close, usually closed to the public]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). Sankei Shimbun Co., Ltd. 2023-11-07. Archived from the original on 2023-11-07. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  5. ^ Takeda & Tsuda 2016, pp. 296–297.
  6. ^ Matsudaira 2006, p. 13.

Bibliography

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  • Matsudaira, Norimasa (2006). 図説宮中柳営の秘宝 [Illustrated: Treasures of the Imperial Family and the Shoguns] (in Japanese). Kawade Shobō Shinsha. ISBN 978-4309760810.
  • Takeda, Sachiko; Tsuda, Daisuke (2016-08-20). 礼服―天皇即位儀礼や元旦の儀の花の装い― [Ceremonial Dress: floral attire for the emperor's accession ceremony and New Year's Day ceremony] (in Japanese). Osaka University Press. ISBN 978-4872595512.
  • Kyoto National Museum, ed. (October 2020). 御即位記念 特別展 皇室の名宝 [The Enthronement Special Exhibition: Imperial Treasures] (in Japanese). The Yomiuri Shimbun.
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