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Beaufort's Dyke is a natural glacial formed trench within the North Channel between Northern Ireland and Scotland. The dyke is 50 kilometres (25 nautical miles) long, 3.5 kilometres (2 nautical miles) wide and 200–312 m (700–1,000 ft) deep. The Dyke is one of the deepest areas of the European continental shelf.[1]
The trench is recorded in 1856 as having been discovered "some years ago" by a Captain Beechey.[2]
Geomorphology
editBeaufort's Dyke is a submerged tunnel valley caused by glacial erosion during the last glacial period, and has been prevented from filling with sediment by strong tidal currents.[3]
Dumped munitions
edit
Because of its depth and its proximity to the Cairnryan military port, Beaufort's Dyke became the United Kingdom's largest offshore dump site for surplus conventional and chemical munitions after the Second World War: it had been used for the purpose since the early 20th century. The Ministry of Defence has estimated that well over a million tons of munitions have been dumped there,[4] including 14,500 tons of 5-inch (130-millimetre) artillery rockets filled with phosgene dumped in July 1945.[5]
Munitions have since been deposited by the tide on nearby beaches. In 1995, phosphorus bombs washed up on Scottish coasts, coinciding with the laying of the Scotland-Northern Ireland pipeline (SNIP), a 24-inch (610-millimetre) gas interconnector constructed by British Gas. Over the previous five years, anti-tank grenades had washed up on the shores of Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man.[6]
An explosion was registered as a 2.5 Magnitude earthquake on 8 February 1986.[7]
Nuclear waste
editAccording to documents from the Public Record Office, approximately two tonnes of concrete-encased metal drums filled with radioactive laboratory rubbish and luminous paint were dumped in the dyke during the 1950s.[8]
Crossings
editProjects for a tunnel or Irish Sea fixed crossing between Northern Ireland and Scotland have been suggested at various times from the late 19th century onwards. The dyke has always been an important problem for such proposals, in terms of both practicality and cost.[9]
In February 2020, the UK government announced an initial investigation into a Scotland–Northern Ireland bridge. Two possible routes were proposed: Portpatrick–Larne and Kintyre peninsula–Torr Head. The Portpatrick route would cross the dyke.[6] Explosive ordnance advisers Exord cast doubt on the Portpatrick route saying "any intrusive works such as piling associated with the construction of bridges would pose an unacceptable level of risk".[10] The study concluded that Beaufort's Dyke was one of the project's principal challenges, requiring bridge spans "approaching 4km on foundations set back from the edge", even if crossing the Dyke at its narrowest point.[11] The bridge project was estimated at £335 bn, and it was rejected by a feasibility study.[12]
References
edit- ^ "The formation and evolution of an isolated submarine valley in the North Channel, Irish sea: an investigation of Beaufort's Dyke - NERC Open Research Archive".
- ^ Bryce, James (1856). A Cyclopaedia of Geography, Descriptive and Physical, Forming a New General Gazetteer of the World and Dictionary of Pronunciation. R. Griffin.
- ^ Callaway, Alexander; Quinn, Rory; Brown, Craig J.; Service, Matthew; Long, David; Benetti, Sara (May 2011). "The formation and evolution of an isolated submarine valley in the North Channel, Irish Sea: an investigation of Beaufort's Dyke" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 26 (4): 362–373. Bibcode:2011JQS....26..362C. doi:10.1002/jqs.1460. S2CID 128513420.
- ^ "UK's undersea 'ticking timebombs'". BBC. 26 November 2004. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
- ^ Dr. Lewis Moonie, Member for Kirkcaldy (23 April 2002). "Beaufort Trench (Mustard Gas)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 192W–193W.
- ^ a b Edwards, Rob (10 February 2020) [1995]. "The WW2 bombs dumped off western Scotland washing up on beaches". New Scientist. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ "M 2.5 Explosion - 17 km WSW of Stranraer, United Kingdom". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
- ^ Arthur, Charles (1 July 1997). "Ministers admit nuclear waste was dumped in sea". The Independent. London. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
- ^ Walker, Stephen (2 March 2018). "Bridging the gap from NI to Scotland". BBC. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan (14 February 2020). "Bombs dumped in Irish Sea make bridge plan 'too dangerous'". Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Hendy, Peter. "A Fixed Link between Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Technical Feasibility" (PDF). service.gov.uk.
- ^ Stone, Jon (20 January 2022). "Boris Johnson spent £1 million developing bridge to Northern Ireland". The Independent.
External links
edit- Fisheries Research Service document Archived 19 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- G FORD, L OTTEMÖLLER, B BAPTIE. 2005. Analysis of Explosions in the BGS Seismic Database in the Area of Beaufort’s Dyke Archived 13 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 1992–2004. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/05/064. 15pp.