The Battle of Qurna, (3 to 9 December 1914) was between British forces and Ottoman forces that had retreated from Basra, which they lost at the Battle of Basra (1914) during the Mesopotamian campaign of World War I.
| Battle of Qurna | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I | |||||||||
.jpg) English cavalry routed by Turkish troops by Qurna (German illustration) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Ottoman Empire | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Major General Charles Irwin Fry |
Colonel Subhi Bey | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 2,100 | 1,000 | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 281 | 1,000 | ||||||||
| Approximate figures | |||||||||
Background
editBy capturing Basra, the British had taken an important communications and industrial centre. The Ottomans retreated up the Tigris River. The British needed to secure their position in Basra and the oil fields at Abadan.
After the defeat at Basra, the Ottomans decided to take up a defensive position at the small town of Qurna to the north. Since both the Tigris and Euphrates join at Qurna, it made for an ideal position to make a stand, since the British would have to cross the two rivers.[1] The Ottomans had about 1,000 men under the command of Colonel Subhi Bey, the Wali or Governor of Basra. The British had about 2,100 under Major General Charles Irwin Fry.
The battle
editOn 3 December, the Ottomans were dug in at Qurna. A British force of two Indian battalions; the 104th Wellesley's Rifles and the 110th Mahratta Light Infantry, and a double company of British soldiers from the Norfolk Regiment accompanied by several gunboats attacked them.[2] The Royal Navy vessels on the Euphrates kept the Ottomans under fire while British troops managed to cross the Tigris.[3] The British and Indian troops advanced across open ground, but no crossing could be made across the river into Qurna itself. The British force retired. On the 6th, reinforced by the rest of the Norfolk Regiment, the 7th Rajputs and 120th Infantry and some mountain guns, they tried again.[4] The Ottomans had moved back into positions they had lost in the previous engagement, so the British and Indian troops had to re-take those positions. Again they drove the Ottomans back, but could not cross the river into Qurna. On the 8th, the 104th and 110th Infantry were sent up the Tigris to find a place to cross. They did, and in doing so cut the Ottomans off from retreat to the north while the gunboats kept up an effective bombardment of their positions in the town.[5] The night of the 8th, an Ottoman steamer sailed down the river with lights and sirens blazing. Lieutenant Commander Wilfrid Nunn of the British gunboat Espiegle took aboard three Ottoman officers. The Ottomans wanted to surrender the town and march away. Nunn, who was not in touch with Fry, insisted on unconditional surrender, which upset the Ottomans.[6] However, they eventually agreed. On 9 December, the Ottoman commander, Colonel Subhi Bey, the Wali or Governor of Basra, surrendered his forces. Going into captivity were 42 Ottoman officers and 989 soldiers.[7] The British/Indian losses were 27 soldiers killed and 242 wounded, and two sailors killed and 10 wounded.[8]
Aftermath
editDespite being more of a skirmish than a battle, the Battle of Qurna is important because it gave the British a secure front line in Southern Mesopotamia. Basra was secure, and the oil refineries at Abadan in Persia were safe.[9] However, the Ottomans would try again at Shaiba and the British would later launch an offensive to take Baghdad.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "The Capture of Qurna, 1914"The Capture of Qurna, 1914 Archived August 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ A.J. Barker, The First Iraq War, 1914–1918, Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign,(Enigma, New York, 2009; originally published in 1967 as The Bastard War(US)/The Neglected War(UK)), 34.
- ^ "The Capture of Qurna, 1914">The Capture of Qurna, 1914 Archived August 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ A.J. Barker, The First Iraq War, 1914–1918, Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign,(Enigma, New York, 2009; originally published in 1967 as The Bastard War(US)/The Neglected War(UK)), 35.
- ^ A.J. Barker, The First Iraq War, 1914–1918, Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign,(Enigma, New York, 2009; originally published in 1967 as The Bastard War(US)/The Neglected War(UK)), 35–36.
- ^ Charles Townsend, Desert Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia (Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2010), 63.
- ^ Charles Townsend, Desert Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia (Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2010), 63.
- ^ A.J. Barker, The First Iraq War, 1914–1918, Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign,(Enigma, New York, 2009; originally published in 1967 as The Bastard War(US)/The Neglected War(UK)), 36.
- ^ A.J. Barker, The First Iraq War, 1914–1918, Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign,(Enigma, New York, 2009; originally published in 1967 as The Bastard War(US)/The Neglected War(UK)), 36.
Further reading
edit- Barker, A. J. (1967). The Bastard War: The Mesopotamian Campaign of 1914–1918. New York: Dial Press. OCLC 2118235.
- Moberly, Frederick (2011). The Campaign in Mesopotamia 1914–1918: History of the Great War Based on Official Documents. Vol. 1. Uckfield (East Sussex (Grande-Bretagne)): The Naval & Military Press. ISBN 9781845749422.
- Townshend, Charles (2011). Desert Hell: The British Invasion of Mesopotamia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674059993.