Bala Hissar (Pashto/Urdu/Hindko: قلعه بالاحصار), also spelt Bala Hisar, is an historic fortress located in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. First mentioned by 7th-century explorer Xuanzang, the fort was used as a royal residence for the Durrani Empire since 1747, when the Afghan king, Ahmad Shah Durrani, conquered Peshawar. The Marathas briefly occupied it after capturing Peshawar in 1758 but it was soon retaken by the Afghans. The Sikhs destroyed and reconstructed the fort after capturing Peshawar in March 1823. In 1849, the British East India Company reconstructed the fort's outer walls.
| Bala Hissar Fort | |
|---|---|
قلعہ بالاحصار | |
 | |
  Location within Pakistan | |
| Former names | Samīr Gaṛh |
| General information | |
| Type | Cultural |
| Location | Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Completed | 1849 |
| Demolished | 1823 |
| Owner |
|
The fort now serves as headquarters for Pakistan's Frontier Corps.[1]
Etymology
editThe word Bālā Hissār (بالا حصار) is from Dari Persian, meaning "elevated or high fort." According to historian Hussain Khan, this name was given by the Afghan Emperor Timur Shah Durrani.[2]
In 1834, the Sikhs named the fort Samīr Gaṛh or Sameer Garh. Samīr was another name for Mount Kailash, a high peak in Tibet considered sacred in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism; Gaṛh means "fortress" in Hindustani.[3] However, this name did not become popular and was soon replaced again by "Bala Hissar".
During the times of the Mughal Empire and Sur Empire, it was known as "Bagram Fort" after Bagram, another name for Peshawar.[2]
Design
editThe fort stands on a high mound in the northwestern corner of Peshawar City. Not long ago, the fort used to be conspicuously distant from the old city of Peshawar, but now the construction of new buildings has filled the space between the old city and the fort. However, the fort's position on a high mound gives a commanding and panoramic view of Peshawar and the entire Peshawar valley.
History
editAccording to historian Ahmad Hasan Dani, a Chinese Buddhist monk and traveller Xuanzang, when visiting Peshawar in 630 AD, found a "royal residence" and called it with Chinese word Kung Shing, which is used for its significance and is explained as fortified or walled portion of the town in which the royal palace stood.[4] Hiuen Tsang then makes a separate mention of the city, which was not fortified. This shows that the royal residence formed the nucleus of a Citadel, which must have been further protected by a moat. Dani further says that a channel of old Bara River surrounded by a high spot, which includes the Bala Hissar and Inder Shahr. The higher area could have been the citadel, which is the present Bala Hissar. The fort still existed during the time of the Mughal Emperor Babur, who referred to it as Bagram Fort.[2]
The fort was used as a royal residence for the Durrani Empire since December 1747, when Ahmad Shah Durrani conquered Peshawar. The Afghan King Timur Shah Durrani (1773–1793) used the fort as the winter capital of his empire. Up to the early 19th century, Peshawar was the winter capital of the Afghan Empire and the Bala Hissar was the royal residence of Afghan kings.
The Battle of Peshawar took place on 8 May 1758 between the Hindu Maratha Empire and the Durrani Empire. The Marathas were victorious in the battle and Peshawar was captured. The battle was seen as a huge success for the Marathas who hoisted the Bhagwa Jhanda (Saffron flag) on top of the Peshawar fort, their rule had now stretched from Pune to Delhi and now to the border of the Durrani Empire in Peshawar. Before that, the fort of Peshawar was being guarded by Durrani troops under Timur Shah Durrani and Jahan Khan. After being defeated by the army of Marathas, Durranis with Jahan Khan and Timur Shah Durrani left the fort meanwhile Marathas captured and took control of the fort.[5] The victory in this battle is considered a great success for Marathas as now their rule had extended to the border of Afghanistan, located 2000 km far from their capital Pune.[6][7][8][9]
The Sikhs fought and defeated the Afghans at the Battle of Nowshera near Peshawar in March 1823.
The Sikhs followed this by the destruction of the Afghan royal court and the fort of Bala Hissar in Peshawar.[10] Soon after, the Sikh commander-in-chief Hari Singh Nalwa commenced the reconstruction of the fort.[11]
After the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1845-46, the British East India Company reconstructed the outer walls of Bala Hissar in 1849.
The fort is now used by the Frontier Corps, a paramilitary unit of the Pakistan Army.
As a Tourism Point
editThe provincial government has expressed desire the control of the fort from the Frontier Corps in order to open it to tourists.[12] The fort has been opened for tourists (Saturday for families only and Sundays will be opened for everyone, with or without family) without any cost, but tourists are requested to bring their CNIC along with them, while international tourists are requested to bring their passports. There is also a museum of the Frontier Corps in the fort showcasing the different uniforms of Frontier Corps throughout time since the start of Frontier Corps and weaponry used by different local units of Frontier Corps KP including but due to prevailing situation of COVID-19 Fort is currently closed for all types of visits.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ PESHAWAR: Why keep Balahisar Fort hidden? By Sadia Qasim Shah 15 January 2008 Tuesday . DAWN. Retrieved 01/15/08
- ^ a b c Fort Bala Hisar - Peshawar.[usurped] 3 July 2005. Khyber.ORG.
- ^ Nalwa, V. (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa - Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, p. 167, ISBN 81-7304-785-5.
- ^ Bivar, A. D. H. (June 1972). "Ahmad Hasan Dani: Peshawar, historic city of the Frontier. [vi], v, 253 pp., 29 plates, 3 maps. Peshawar: Khyber Mail Press, 1969. Rs. 15". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 35 (2): 437–438. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00110286. ISSN 0041-977X.
- ^ War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849
- ^ Scharfe, Hartmut; Bronkhorst, Johannes; Spuler, Bertold; Altenmüller, Hartwig (2002). Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. Education in ancient India. p. 141. ISBN 978-90-04-12556-8.
- ^ Roy, Kaushik. India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1. ISBN 978-8178241098.
- ^ Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1841). History of India. John Murray, Albemarle Street. p. 276.
- ^ S.R. Sharma (1999). Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 763. ISBN 978-81-7156-819-2. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ Moorcroft, W. and G. Trebeck. (1841). Travels in India. ed. Horace Hayman Wilson, rpt, Delhi: Low Price Publication, 2000, v 2, p 337.
- ^ Nalwa, V. (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa - Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, p. 228, ISBN 81-7304-785-5.
- ^ "KPK Assembly passes resolution to open Bala Hisar Fort for Public. Voice of Journalists". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
External links
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