Wikipedia

Armed Insurrection

Armed Insurrection (German: Der bewaffnete Aufstand) is a book published by the Comintern in Germany under the pseudonym of A. Neuberg, written as a kind of textbook on the theory of organizing an armed insurrection.

Armed Insurrection
Cover of the first English edition, 1970, NLB
AuthorA. Neuberg (pseudonym)
Original titleDer bewaffnete Aufstand
Languagegerman
GenreMilitary manual, historical, political
Publication date
1928

The book was prepared by an instructor of the military apparatus of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands ("Communist Party of Germany", KPD) and an agent of the intelligence department of the Red Army, August Gailis. It was originally published in German ("Der bewaffnete Aufstand", 1928),[1] followed three years later by translations into French ("L’insurrection armée", 1931)[2] and Russian ("Вооружённое восстание", 1931).[3] In 1932, Spanish Trotskyists published a Spanish translation without the knowledge of the Comintern.[4]

Contents and significance

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According to Mao, a revolutionary or resistance war can be fought according to the doctrine of protracted war. This doctrine includes three consecutive phases.[5][6] The first is the "pre-revolutionary phase" (or pre-resistance), in which the rebels organize themselves, train, equip themselves, form command cadres, create their own safe bases – the so-called "sanctuaries" – in the most remote and inaccessible areas of the country (or across the border, in a friendly or at least neutral country) for the purpose of storing and producing critical materials, create their own logistics network, their own encrypted communication system, etc. The second phase is that of the "strategic stalemate", or a long war of attrition that can last years or decades, characterized by proper guerrilla operations, aimed at demoralizing and increasingly wearing down the enemy: killings of isolated soldiers and policemen; sniping; ambushes against patrols and moving columns; raids against small units and military garrisons; sabotage and destruction of vehicles, depots and installations; seizing of weapons and ammunition; etc. The third and final phase is that of the “strategic counteroffensive”, in which the guerrillas, after having managed to sufficiently damage the enemy and after having accumulated adequate forces in terms of men, weapons and means, can come out into the open to transform themselves into a real regular army, capable of engaging and defeating the enemy by means of conventional tactics and battles, until the final victory.

The contents of the book Armed Insurrection have greater relevance to the third and final phase of a revolutionary war, contrary to other similar books – such as Guerrilla Warfare by 'Che' Guevara or as the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla by Marighella – which instead focus on the second.

Armed Insurrection deals with theory, practice and historical examples relating to an insurgent force that attempts to take definitive control of a territory – for example a city – by conquering arsenals, barracks, police stations, telecommunication centers, administrative centers, factories, railway stations, bridges, roads, etc. and then defending them from a possible enemy counterattack.

Engels, considering the revolutionary events of 1848 in Germany, described the passage from armed rebellion to the formation of a real revolutionary army,[7] thus raising the question – extremely relevant for radical left-wing politics between the second half of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century – of the transformation of spontaneous popular uprisings into armed forces capable of organized opposition to power. Armed Insurrection is a further development of this theme, which makes the book extremely interesting from the point of view of understanding the ideas spread among the leaders of the Comintern about armed insurrection, considered as the highest and «supreme form» of political struggle of the proletariat against the state power of the bourgeoisie, to be «conducted according to the rules of military science», so that «it presupposes a plan of campaign, offensive fighting operations and unbounded devotion and heroism on the part of the proletariat».[8] The book Armed Insurrection was written at a time when the leadership of the Third International (Comintern) and the Soviet Communist Party considered it possible to implement the idea of world revolution in the form of armed insurrections in individual countries.

According to Jörg Hülsmann, Armed Insurrection was probably the first systematic study of the suitability of guerrilla methods for establishing communist states.[9]

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri evaluated Armed Insurrection as follows:[10][11]

This remarkable book, originally published in German in 1928, gives a rare inside view of communist military strategy in the early twentieth century.

Authorship

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In 1933, a book by Nazi propagandist Adolf Erth was published, translated into many European languages, titled: “Armed Insurrection: Revelations of the Communist Coup Attempt on the Eve of the National Revolution”, in which it was claimed that Neuberg was the pseudonym of a major figure in the German Communist movement, Heinz Neumann. Erth's version became generally accepted in the anti-Communist literature of the 1950s and 1960s, being repeated in dozens of books, including in the memoirs of Chiang Kai-shek.[12]

In 1970 in Italy[13] and England,[14] and in 1971 in Germany,[15] three new editions of Neuberg's book were published, accompanied by introductory notes by former Comintern figure Erich Wollenberg, in which he named the "real authors" of the book: himself, as well as Vasily Blyukher, Hans Kippenberger, Osip Piatnitsky, Palmiro Togliatti, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Józef Unszlicht, Ho Chi Minh and Manfred Stern.

This version has remained generally accepted, even though in the 1990s Comintern documents were published, according to which the real author of the book was the Soviet agent August Gailis ("Neuberg" was his pseudonym during his clandestine work in Germany),[16] probably aided by Tuure Lehén (an important Finnish communist and later Finnish-Soviet politician, as well as a philosopher, journalist and historian).[17]

Structure

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Overall, the contents of Armed Insurrection are organized according to the following general index:[18]

  • Introduction
  • 1. The Second International and Insurrection
  • 2. Bolshevism and Insurrection
  • 3. The Reval Uprising
  • 4. The Hamburg Uprising
  • 5. The Canton Insurrection
  • 6. The Shanghai Insurrections
  • 7. Communist Activity to Subvert the Armed Forces of the Ruling Classes
  • 8. The Organization of the Proletariat's Armed Forces
  • 9. The Direction of the Party's Military Work
  • 10. The Character of Military Action at the Beginning of the Insurrection
  • 11. The Character of the Insurgents' Operations during the Insurrection
  • 12. The Party's Military Work among the Peasants

The work has maps and diagrams.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ A. Neuberg (1928). Der bewaffnete Aufstand. Versuch einer theoretischen Darstellung (in German). Zürich: Otto Meyer.
  2. ^ A. Neuberg (1931). L'insurrection armée (in French). Paris: Bureau d'éditions, 132, Faubourg Saint-Denis.
  3. ^ Нейберг А. Ю. (1931). Вооружённое восстание (in Russian). Translated by Б. Роземберга. Москва, Ленинград: Соцэкгиз.
  4. ^ A. Neuberg (1932). La insurrección armada (in Spanish). Translated by Curiel y Marino Vela, Luis. Madrid: Roja.
  5. ^ Zedong, Mao (1967). "On Protracted War". Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung. Vol. 2. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. pp. 18–19.
  6. ^ Tse-tung, Mao (April 1989). FMFRP 12-18 Mao Tse-tung on Guerrilla Warfare (PDF). Washington, D.C.: DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps. pp. 20–22.
  7. ^ Friedrich Engels (with the contribution of Karl Marx), Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany, 1852.
  8. ^ Program of the Communist International, adopted at the forty-sixth session of the Sixth World Congress of the Communist International, September 1, 1928, Chapter Six.
  9. ^ Guido Hülsmann, Jörg (2003). Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (ed.). Secession and the Production of Defense - The Myth of National Defense: Essays on the Theory and History of Security Production. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 394. ISBN 0-945466-37-4.
  10. ^ Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio (2004). A. Pandolfi (ed.). Moltitudine: Guerra e democrazia nel nuovo ordine imperiale (in Italian). Rizzoli. ISBN 978-8817002004.
  11. ^ Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio (2004). Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. New York: The Penguin Press. p. 369. ISBN 1-86320-024-6.
  12. ^ Kai-shek, Chiang (1957). Soviet Russia In China: A Summing Up At Seventy. New York: Farrar, Straus And Cudahy. p. 59.
  13. ^ A. Neuberg (1970). L'insurrezione armata. collana Il pensiero socialista (in Italian). Translated by Petrillo, Raffaele. Milano: Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Editore.
  14. ^ A. Neuberg (1970). Armed Insurrection. Translated by Hoare, Quintin. London: NLB. ISBN 978-1786631473.
  15. ^ (A. Neuberg) Hans Kippenberger, M. N. Tuchatschewski, Ho Chi Minh, etc. (1971). Der bewaffnete Aufstand: Versuch einer theoretischen Darstellung. basis (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Europäische Verlagsanstalt. ISBN 3-434-45006-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Пятницкий, Владимир (1998). "Жестокий век. Кремлёвские тайны". Заговор против Сталина (in Russian). Москва: Современник. pp. 221, 291, 301. ISBN 5-270-01175-1.
  17. ^ Я. С. Драбкин; Л. Г. Бабиченко; К. К. Шириня, eds. (1998). Письмо Ю . Гайлиса Т. Лехену о задачах военной работы в компартии Германии // Коминтерн и идея мировой революции : Документы (in Russian). Москва: Наука. p. 709. ISBN 5-02-009623-7.
  18. ^ A. Neuberg, Armed Insurrection, op. cit., pp. 5–6.
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