The Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU or Muslims Unity Movement) was an informal Malaysian political coalition. The now defunct political coalition was formed by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's formation of Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46 or Semangat 46) after leaving United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) that was declared illegal.[1] jointly with Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA), Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM) and Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA) before 9th Malaysian General Election in 1990.[2] KIMMA left the coalition before the 10th Malaysian General Election.
Muslims Unity Movement Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Malay name | Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah |
| Jawi name | اڠکتن ڤرڤادوان اومة |
| Leader | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah |
| Founded | 1990 |
| Dissolved | 1996 |
| Preceded by | Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF) (1957-1969) Harakah Keadilan Rakyat (HAK) (1986-1990) |
| Succeeded by | Barisan Alternatif (BA) |
| Headquarters | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (PAS), (S46)& (KIMMA) Pasir Mas, Malaysia (BERJASA) Kota Bharu, Malaysia (HAMIM) |
| Membership (1998) | Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) Semangat 46 (S46) Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA) Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM) Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA) |
| Ideology | Islamism |
| Political position | Right wing to Far-right |
| International affiliation | - |
| Colors | Yellow, green |
| Website | |
| - | |
- | |
APU along with the Gagasan Rakyat opposition coalitions led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah after failures in the 1990 and 1995 general elections. After the 1995 election, relationship between PAS and Semangat 46 detotriated due to lack of respect of PAS towards Semangat 46 and differing views on Kelantan state leadership. On 5th May 1996, Razaleigh announced the union no longer exist[3] and were subsequently formally disbanded in October after Razaleigh decided to dissolve Semangat 46 to return and rejoin back UMNO.[4]
Component parties
edit- Spirit of 46 Malay Party (Parti Melayu Semangat 46, S46)
- Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia, BERJASA)
- Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia, HAMIM)
- Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (Kongres India Muslim Malaysia, KIMMA)
List of leaders
editChairmen
edit| No. | Name (Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah[5] (b.1937) |
|
1 February 1990[6] | 5 May 1996 | 5 years, 93 days | Semangat 46 | |
Elected representatives
editGeneral election results
edit| Election | Total seats won | Seats contested | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 15 / 180
|
159 | 1,218,211 | 21.8% |  14 seats; Opposition coalition
|
Fadzil Noor |
| 1995 | 8 / 192
|
171 | 1,046,687 | 17.6% |  2 seats; Opposition coalition
|
Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah |
State election results
edit| State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perlis State Legislative Assembly | Kedah State Legislative Assembly | Kelantan State Legislative Assembly | Terengganu State Legislative Assembly | Penang State Legislative Assembly | Perak State Legislative Assembly | Pahang State Legislative Assembly | Selangor State Legislative Assembly | Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly | Malacca State Legislative Assembly | Johor State Legislative Assembly | Total won / Total contested | |
| 1990 | 0 / 14 |
1 / 28 |
39 / 39 |
10 / 32 |
0 / 33 |
0 / 46 |
1 / 33 |
1 / 42 |
0 / 28 |
0 / 20 |
1 / 36 |
|
| 1995 | 0 / 15 |
2 / 36 |
36 / 43 |
7 / 32 |
0 / 33 |
0 / 52 |
0 / 38 |
0 / 48 |
0 / 32 |
0 / 25 |
0 / 40 |
|
References
edit- ^ Wong Chin Huat (17 August 2007). "Splits in Umno and Opposition unity". The Sun. Retrieved 29 September 2021 – via Malaysian Bar.
- ^ "PAS harap pembangkang ulangi kerjasama Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah, Gagasan Rakyat – The Malaysian Insider". Archived from the original on 4 July 2015.
- ^ Taib, Harris Iskandar; Ismail, Manisah (5 May 1996). "APU does not exist, declare Razaleigh". New Straits Times. p. 1. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ "S46-Dissolve: Parti Melayu Semangat '46 To Be Dissolved On Oct 6" (PDF). Bernama. 18 August 1996 – via Perdana Leadership Foundation Library.
- ^ "Pas want Razaleigh as Opposition Leader". New Straits Times. 1 June 1995. p. 2. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ "Al-Islah: Fadzil being used by APU". New Straits Times. 1 February 1990. p. 5. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
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