In Judaism, angels (Hebrew: מַלְאָךְ, romanized: mal’āḵ, lit. 'messenger', plural: מַלְאָכִים mal’āḵīm) are supernatural beings[1] that appear throughout The Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), rabbinic literature, apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, Jewish philosophy and mysticism, and traditional Jewish liturgy as agents of the God of Israel. They are categorized in different hierarchies. Their essence is often associated with fire. The Talmud describes their very essence as fire. [2]
Etymology
editHebrew mal’ākh is the standard word for "messenger", both human and divine, in the Hebrew Bible; it is also related to the words for "angel" in Arabic (malāk ملاك), Aramaic and Ethiopic. It is rarely used for human messengers in Modern Hebrew as the latter is usually denoted by the term shaliyakh (שליח).[3] The noun derives from the verbal consonantal root l-’-k (ל-א-ך), meaning specifically "to send with a message" and with time was substituted with more applicable sh-l-h.[4]
In Biblical Hebrew this root is attested only in this noun and in the noun מְלָאכָה məlʾāḵā́, meaning "work", "occupation" or "craftsmanship".
The morphological structure of the word mal’ākh suggests that it is the maqtal form of the root denoting the tool or the means of performing it.[5] The term mal’ākh therefore simply means the one who is sent, often translated as "messenger" when applied to humans; for instance, mal’ākh is the root of the name of the prophet Malachi, whose name means "my messenger". In Modern Hebrew, mal’akh is the general word for "angel". In the same manner, apparently, the prophet Haggai is described as "the messenger of the Lord with the message of the Lord" (malʾakh ʾElohim be-malʾakhut ʾElohim; Book of Haggai 1:13).
In the Tanakh (Hebrew biblical texts)
editThe Hebrew Bible reports that angels appeared to each of the Patriarchs, to Moses, Joshua, and numerous other figures. They appear to Hagar in Genesis 16:9, to Lot in Genesis 19:1, and to Abraham in Genesis 22:11, they ascend and descend Jacob's Ladder in Genesis 28:12 and appear to Jacob again in Genesis 31:11–13. God promises to send one to Moses in Exodus 33:2, and sends one to stand in the way of Balaam in Numbers 22:31.
Isaiah speaks of מַלְאַךְ פָּנָיו "the Angel of the Presence" ("In all their affliction He was afflicted, and the angel of His presence saved them: in His love and in His pity He redeemed them; and He bore them, and carried them all the days of old") (Isaiah 63:9).
The Book of Psalms says "For He Will give His Angels Charge over you, to keep you in all your ways" (Psalms 91:11).
Different parts of the Bible deal with angels to different degrees. On numerous locations the Bible introduces the idea of a Heavenly host or "host of heaven", and the related divine epithet "Lord of Hosts". While sometimes depicted in military fashion, the assembly also serves to praise God, in descriptions reminiscent of a kingly court. Genesis has Elohim, Bene Elohim (Sons of God), as does the Book of Job; Psalms has the related bənê ēlîm and bənê elîon, as well as Shinnan and Qedoshim.[6][7]
The prophetic books, that usually do not write of angels, nonetheless mention Seraphim, Cherubim, and Ophanim, Chayot Ha Kodesh, Erelim, and Hashmallim. In the Book of Zechariah, several episodes explicitly contain Angels. In Daniel, angels gain some of the characteristics they would come to possess in the post-biblical Apocalyptic literature, such as each serving as personal patrons of peoples (Persia, Greece), and some having personal names (Gabriel, Michael).[6][7]
In rabbinic literature
editAs a subcategory of heavenly beings, mal’akim occupy the sixth rank of ten in Maimonides' Jewish angelic hierarchy.
Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, and Raphael
editNumbers Rabbah names four angels who would later be known as archangels, surrounding God's throne:
As the Holy One blessed be He created four winds (directions) and four banners (for Israel's army), so also did He make four angels to surround His Throne—Michael, Gabriel, Uriel and Raphael. Michael is on its right, corresponding to the tribe of Reuben; Uriel on its left, corresponding to the tribe of Dan, which was located in the north; Gabriel in front, corresponding to the tribe of Judah as well as Moses and Aaron who were in the east; and Raphael in the rear, corresponding to the tribe of Ephraim which was in the west.[8]
Affinities between angels and sages in the rabbinic literature
editThe Babylonian Talmud contains a reworked ancient tradition of the myth of the fallen angels – here, this narrative is invested with new significance and accordingly, these are the distinguished rabbis who are portrayed as the heavenly messengers' offspring. The most explicit presentation of this notion is found in Tractate Shabbat. The text recounts the sages' halakhic discussion in which Rabbi Hizkiya praises Rabbi Yohanan's competencies by exclaiming "this is not a human!". Right after his remark a following passage appears.
Rabbi Zeira said that Rava bar Zimuna said: If the early generations are characterized as sons of angels, we are the sons of men. And if the early generations are characterized as the sons of men, we are akin to donkeys. And I do not mean that we are akin to either the donkey of Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa or the donkey of Rabbi Pinḥas ben Yair, who were both extraordinarily intelligent donkeys; rather, we are akin to other typical donkeys.[9]
Although on the façade this appears to be a humorous allegory, this passage represents a broader tradition of associating angels and rabbis that manifests in other passages dispersed in the Babylonian Talmud. This tendency has two components, and, on the one hand, the text compares the sages to angels in various respects such as knowledge (e.g., the sages should be good teachers playing the function of the angel of the Lord in Hagigah,[10] some of their halakhic decisions are labeled as angelic in origins in Pesachim[11]), or appearance (e.g., according to Shabbat[12] Rabbi Yehudah bar Ilai's Sabbath attire resembles the garments of the angel of the Lord, in Kiddushin[13] the Babylonian scholars are compared to the ministering angels). On the other hand, the Babylonian Talmud portrays the angels as highly reminiscent of the rabbis themselves: they are proficient halakhists (e.g., in Menachot[14] an angel disputes the laws of fringes with Rabbi Kattina, in Avodah Zarah[15] the angel of death betrays his deep familiarity with the rules of ritual slaughter), linguists (e.g., in Bava Batra[16] Gabriel and Michael scrutinize the semantics of the term kadkod known from Isa. 54:12), and teachers (e.g., in Megillah[17] and Sanhedrin[18] an angelic prince admonishes Joshua for neglecting his Torah studies). On the whole, the quantitative data show that the sages are frequently juxtaposed with angels, and the main dimension of comparison is their intellectual proficiency. When it comes to the mapping of specific rabbinic competencies onto the angels, the most popular is the ability to engage in halakhic scrutiny and teaching. In sum, this presentation of the sages as angels can be taken as an expression of the sense of elitism entertained by the Babylonian sages.[19]
Angelic hierarchy
editMaimonides
editMaimonides, in his Mishneh Torah, counted ten ranks of angels in the Jewish angelic hierarchy, beginning from the highest:[20][21][22][23]
| Rank | Angelic Class | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chayot Ha Kodesh[24] | See Ezekiel 1 and Ezekiel 10 |
| 2 | Ophanim | See Ezekiel 1 and Ezekiel 10 |
| 3 | Erelim | See Isaiah 33:7 |
| 4 | Hashmallim | See Ezekiel 1:4 |
| 5 | Seraphim | See Isaiah 6 |
| 6 | Malakhim | Messengers, angels |
| 7 | Elohim | "Godly beings" |
| 8 | Bene Elohim | "Sons of God" |
| 9 | Cherubim | See Hagigah 13b |
| 10 | Ishim | "manlike beings", see Genesis 18:2 Daniel 10:5 |
Zohar
editThe Zohar, in Exodus 43a, also lists ten ranks of angels, beginning from the highest:[25]
| Rank | Angelic Class |
|---|---|
| 1 | Malakim |
| 2 | Erelim |
| 3 | Seraphim |
| 4 | Chayot |
| 5 | Ophanim |
| 6 | Hashmallim |
| 7 | Elim |
| 8 | Elohim |
| 9 | Bene Elohim |
| 10 | Ishim |
Maseket Atzilut
editJacob Nazir, in his Maseket Atzilut, also listed ten ranks of angels, beginning from the highest:[25]
| Rank | Angelic Class |
|---|---|
| 1 | Seraphim |
| 2 | Ophanim |
| 3 | Cherubim |
| 4 | Shinanim |
| 5 | Tarshishim |
| 6 | Ishim |
| 7 | Hashmallim |
| 8 | Malakim |
| 9 | Bene Elohim |
| 10 | Erelim |
Berit Menuchah
editAbraham ben Isaac of Granada, in his Berit Menuchah, also listed ten ranks of angels, beginning from the highest:[25]
| Rank | Angelic Class |
|---|---|
| 1 | Erelim |
| 2 | Ishim |
| 3 | Bene Elohim |
| 4 | Malakim |
| 5 | Hashmallim |
| 6 | Tarshishim |
| 7 | Shinnanim |
| 8 | Cherubim |
| 9 | Ophanim |
| 10 | Seraphim |
Reshit Chochmah
editEliyahu de Vidas, in his Reshit Chochmah, also listed ten ranks of angels, beginning from the highest:
| Rank | Angelic Class |
|---|---|
| 1 | Chayot Ha Kodesh |
| 2 | Ophanim |
| 3 | Seraphim |
| 4 | Cherubim |
| 5 | Erelim |
| 6 | Tarshishim |
| 7 | Hashmallim |
| 8 | Elim |
| 9 | Malakim |
| 10 | Ishim |
In Kabbalah
editThe Kabbalah describes the angels at length. Angels are described in Kabbalah literature as forces that send information, and sensations, between mankind and the Tetragrammaton. They are analogized to atoms, wavelengths or channels that help God in his creation, and it is therefore, reasoned that they should not be worshipped, prayed to, nor invoked. They are not physical in nature but spiritual beings, like spiritual atoms. Therefore, the Kabbalah reasons, when they appear in the Hebrew Bible their description is from the viewpoint of the person that received the vision or prophesy or occurrence, which will be anthropomorphic. However, they are not material beings but are likened to a single emotion, feeling, or material, controlled by God for his purpose of creation.
In Jewish liturgy
editShalom Aleichem is a Jewish hymn, first documented in the 17th century, that is commonly sung on the eve of Shabbat, either upon returning home from services, or at the dinner-table.
שלום עליכם מלאכי השרת
Peace be unto you, Malakhei HaSharet (Angels of Service)
מלאכי עליון
Angels of the Most High
ממלך מלכי המלכים
From the King of the kings of kings
הקדוש ברוך הוא
The Holy One Blessed Be He
Before going to sleep, many Jews recite a traditional prayer naming four archangels, "To my right Michael and to my left Gabriel, in front of me Uriel and behind me Raphael, and over my head God's Shekhinah ['the presence of God']."[26]
On the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah, it is customary to call all the boys (in some synagogues, all the children) to the Torah reading and for the whole congregation to recite a verse from Jacob's blessing to Ephraim and Manasheh (Manassas).[27]
May the angel who redeems me from all evil, bless the children, and let my name be named in them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac, and let them flourish like fish for multitude in the midst of the land.
— Genesis 48:16
In Popular Belief
editIn the ancient Near East, Jews understood the sun, moon, and stars to be angels, just as others in the same region viewed them as divine beings. Philo of Alexandria identified angels in Judaism to be the same being as daemons in Hellenistic thought. In Late Antiquity, the two most popularly invoked angels among Jews were Micheal and Gabriel.[28]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Ludwig Blau; Kaufmann Kohler (1906). "Angelology". Jewish Encyclopedia.
- ^ David Albert Jones Angels: A History Oxford University Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0199582952 p. 36
- ^ Oxford Hebrew-English Dictionary
- ^ D.N. Freedman; B.E. Willoughby (1973). Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament. Stuttgart. pp. 897–904.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Kosior, Wojciech (June 2013). "The Angel in the Hebrew Bible from the Statistic and Hermeneutic Perspectives. Some Remarks on the Interpolation Theory". The Polish Journal of Biblical Research. 12 (1 [23]): 55–70. ISSN 1641-7224. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- ^ a b "Angels and Angelology". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Macmillan. 2006 [1972].
- ^ a b Dan, Ben-Amos; Kallus, Menachem (2006). "Angels". YIVO Encyclopedia.
- ^ (Numbers Rabbah 2:10). See http://jhom.com/topics/angels/talmud_fourangels.htm Archived 2012-08-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Shabbat 112b:8". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ^ "Chagigah 15b". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ "Pesachim 33a". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ "Shabbat 25b". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ "Kiddushin 72a". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ "Menachot 41a". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ "Avodah Zarah 20b". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ "Bava Batra 75a". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ "Megillah 3a". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ "Sanhedrin 44b". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ Kosior, Wojciech (2023-06-12). "The Angelized Rabbis and the Rabbinized Angels. The Reworked Motif of the Angelic Progeny in the Babylonian Talmud (bShabb 112b)". Verbum Vitae. 41 (2): 411–427. doi:10.31743/vv.15570. ISSN 2451-280X.
- ^ Davidson, Gustav (1994). Dictionary of Angels: Including the Fallen Angels. Free Press. p. 336. ISBN 978-0029070529.
- ^ "Yesohei haTorah 2:7". Chabad.org.
- ^ "The Mishneh Torah, 2:7 by Maimonides". Sefaria.
- ^ Dennis, Geoffrey W. (2016). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic, and Mysticism: Second Edition. Llewellyn. p. 128. ISBN 978-0738745916.
- ^ "Torah and Torts..." Retrieved Oct 8, 2014.
- ^ a b c Davidson, Gustav (1994). Dictionary of Angels: Including the Fallen Angels. Free Press. p. 337. ISBN 978-0029070529.
- ^ See any siddur (Jewish prayer book), Kriyat Shema She'al Hamitah, (קריאת שמע שעל המיטה, Reading of the Shema before retiring to sleep)
- ^ "What to Expect at Simchat Torah Services". www.chabad.org. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ Ahuvia, Mika. On My Right Michael, On My Left Gabriel.
External links
edit- Jewish Encyclopedia, "Angelology"
- "Angels and Angelology". Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2006.
- Dan, Ben-Amos; Kallus, Menachem (2006). "Angels". YIVO Encyclopedia.
- Jewish POV: Angels and Demons (YouTube)
- Israel Regardie, The Golden Dawn, Llewellyn Publications, 1992, ISBN 0875426638
- Elyonim veTachtonim. An on-line database of angels, demons, ghosts and monsters in the Bible and Babylonian Talmud.