Algherese or Alguerese (autonym: alguerés [alɣaˈɾes])[b] is the variety of Catalan spoken in the city of Alghero (L'Alguer in Catalan), in the northwest of Sardinia, Italy.
| Algherese / Alguerese | |
|---|---|
| alguerés | |
| Native to | Italy |
| Region | Alghero |
Early forms | |
| Catalan alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | algh1238 |
| ELP | Algherese Catalan |
| IETF | ca-IT |
 A satellite photo of the island of Sardinia with the location of the Algherese-speaking area being marked in yellow. | |
 Algherese Catalan is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
The dialect has its roots in 1372, when Catalan-speaking colonists were allowed to repopulate Alghero and expel the native population, after several revolts.[2] Catalan was replaced as the official language by Spanish, then by Italian in the mid-18th century. Today the language has semi-official recognition alongside Italian.
Studies give an approximate number of 20,000 to 30,000 native speakers of the language worldwide. In communities where Algherese is spoken, Italian and Logudorese Sardinian are often used as well.[3]
History
editAlgherese is a regional dialect spoken by anywhere from 20,000 to 30,000 individuals, most of whom reside in the town of Alghero, located in the northwest of Sardinia.[4][3] The language, though distinct, is initially derived from, and thus considered a variant of, the Catalan language.[3] The origins of the language can be traced back to 1372, when Catalan invaders repopulated the city of Alghero after exiling the indigenous populations in Sardinia.[3] Despite the city's increasing Italianisation, the use of this Catalan dialect remained widespread until at least the 1970s.[5]
Present status
editAs a result of the city's extensive Italianisation, Italian is now the predominant language in Alghero,[6] being estimated by a 2004 survey to be first language of close to 60% of those surveyed.[7][6] The use of the dialect in schools and media, to name a few, remains sparse. Teaching of the dialect in school is also rare. However, in an attempt to reverse the trend, the Regional Council of Sardinia officially recognised "Algherese Catalan" as a separate language in 1997, in order to promote its use and circulation.[6] According to the 2004 survey, Algherese was used by approximately 14% of the population for daily interactions.[8] The dialect is mostly a local language, often used to supplement Italian and/or Sardinian in relatively small circles.[9]
The following figures were obtained from the Enquesta d'usos lingüístics a l'Alguer ("Survey of linguistic usage in Alghero", EULAL) of 2004[10] and the Els usos lingüístics a l'Alguer of 2015 (EULA 2015),[11] both of which were studies conducted in the town of Alghero about the general use of Algherese in several media.
| 2004 | 2015 | |
|---|---|---|
| Oral Comprehension | 90.1% (Sardinian oral comprehension: 69.7%) | 88.2% |
| Oral Expression | 61.3% (Sardinian oral expression: 33.9%) | 50.5% |
| Written Comprehension | 46.6% (Sardinian written comprehension: 35.4%) | 35.6% |
| Written Expression | 13.6% (Sardinian written expression: 15.4%) | 8.1% |
| First Language | 22.4% (59.2% Italian) | 17.5% |
| Habitual Language | 13.9% | 9.1% |
Official recognition
editIn 1999, Catalan and Sardinian were among the twelve minority languages officially recognised as Italy's "historical linguistic minorities" by the Italian State under Law No. 482/1999.[12] Prior to this, the Regional Council of Sardinia had passed the Regional Law No. 26 of 15 October 1997 which, aside from promoting the equality in dignity of the Sardinian language with the Italian language throughout the island, provided that the other languages of smaller scope be afforded the same treatment as the aforementioned languages, among which Catalan is cited, in the city of Alghero.[13] The city council, for its part, promulgated its protection and standardisation in its city statute.[14]
Phonology
edit- Vowels
Vowels of Modern Algherese Front Back Close i u Mid e o Open a - Notes:
- The close-mid and mid-close vowels /ɛ, e/ and /ɔ, o/ merge into mid vowels ([e̞] and [o̞], here transcribed without diacritics) in Modern Alguerese.
- Coalescing of unstressed vowels /a/, (/ɛ/) and /e/ to [ä ~ ɐ] (transcribed as /a/) unlike the rest of Eastern Catalan, which uses [ə] or even [ɐ] (transcribed as /ə/): aura ('aura') [ˈawɾə] (Eastern Standard), [ˈawɾa] (Algherese).
- Unstressed /o/ (/ɔ, o/) reduces to [u] like most Eastern Catalan dialects.
- Consonants
Consonants of Algherese Labial Dental/
AlveolarPalatal Velar Nasal m n ɲ (ŋ) Plosive voiceless p t k voiced b d ɡ Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ voiced d͡z d͡ʒ Fricative voiceless f s ʃ voiced v z ʒ Rhotics trill r tap Approximant central j w lateral l ʎ
- Notes:
- Algherese preserves /v/ as a distinct phoneme from /b/, like Balearic and most of Valencian: viu ('he/she lives') [viw] (Algherese).
- Mutation of intervocalic /d/ and /l/ to [ɾ]: Barceloneta [bəɾsəluˈnɛtə] (Eastern Standard), [balsaɾuˈneta] (Algherese) 'Barcelonette'; and vila ('town') and vida ('life') are homophones in Algherese [ˈviɾa].
- Mutation of syllable final /r/ (or [ɾ]) to lateral [l], and the possible resulting group /r/ consonant is further simplified to [l]: forn [ˈfoɾn] (Eastern Standard), [ˈfol] (Algherese) 'oven'.
- Depalatalisation of syllable final sonorants: lateral /ʎ/ to [l], nasal /ɲ/ to [n]: ball [ˈbaʎ] (Eastern Standard), [ˈbal] (Algherese) 'dance'; any [ˈaɲ] (Eastern Standard), [ˈan] (Algherese) 'year'.
Morphology
edit- The simple past is replaced by the present perfect (present of haver "to have" past participle), possibly by Italian influence.
- The imperfect past preserves etymological -v- in all conjugations: 1st -ava, 2nd -iva, 3rd -iva unlike modern Eastern and Western Standard Catalan, which use 1st -ava, 2nd -ia, 3rd -ia, a feature shared with the Ribagorçan dialect.
- Large-scale lexical borrowing and calques from Sardinian, Spanish and Italian: nearly half of the vocabulary is not from Catalan.[15]
Differences from Standard Catalan
editThe Algherese variant is Eastern Catalan, but it has many differences from Central Catalan, with some of the most obvious ones as follows:
Vocabulary
edit
Monument to the unitat de la llengua in Alghero The following abbreviations are used: m. (masculine), f. (feminine), pl. (plural), f. pl. (feminine plural), inf. (informal), f. (formal). The following phrases were gathered from a Catalan translation set, but the common phrases in Algherese are similar:[16]
English Catalan Algherese Welcome Benvingut (m.)
Benvinguda (f.)Benvinguts (pl.)
Benvingudes (f. pl.)Benvingut (m.)
Benvinguda (f.)Benvinguts (pl.)
Benvingudes (f. pl.)Hello Hola Txau My name is ... Em dic ... Me aquirr ... Me dic ...
Where are you from? D'on ets? (inf.) D'on és vostè? (f.)
De ont ses? (inf.) De ont és vostè? (f.)
Good morning Bon dia Bon dia Literature
edit
Poster for the Premi Rafael Sari 2008 The Premi Rafael Sari, organised by the Obra Cultural de l'Alguer,[17] is a series of prizes awarded in September each year to the best literary works of poetry and prose written in Algherese Catalan.
Notable poets include Rafael Sari, Pasquale Scanu and Maria Chessa Lai. There is also a long tradition of writing and performing songs in Algherese Catalan and the Premi Pino Piras[18] is awarded for new songs written in the language. Notable singer-songwriters include Pino Piras and Franca Masu.
In 2015 Carla Valentino published an Algherese translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince.[19]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b Some Iberian scholars may alternatively classify Catalan as Iberian Romance.
- ^ Standard Catalan: alguerès [əlɣəˈɾɛs].
References
edit- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Glottolog 4.8 - Shifted Western Romance". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ "L'Alguer and Alguerese Catalan – Oral Corpus of Alguerese". prosodia.upf.edu. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Did you know Algherese Catalan is vulnerable?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London: Routledge. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0.
- ^ Minder, Raphael (21 November 2016). "Italy's Last Bastion of Catalan Language Struggles to Keep It Alive". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c "Corpus Oral de l'Alguerès". prosodia.upf.edu. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ Generalitat de Catalunya, Secretaria de Política Lingüística (2004), p. 24
- ^ Generalitat de Catalunya, Secretaria de Política Lingüística (2004), p. 25
- ^ Argenter (2008)
- ^ Generalitat de Catalunya, Secretaria de Política Lingüística (2004). Enquesta d'usos lingüístics a l'Alguer [Survey of linguistic usage in Alghero] (PDF) (Report) (in Catalan). Generalitat de Catalunya, Secretaria de Política Lingüística.
- ^ Els usos lingüístics a l'Alguer, 2015 [Linguistic usage in Alghero, 2015] (PDF) (Report) (in Catalan). Generalitat de Catalunya. 2017.
- ^ Law No. 482 of 15 December 1999. "Rules on the protection of historical linguistic minorities". Article 2. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297. 20 December 1999
- ^ Regional Law No. 26 of 15 October 1997. "Promozione e valorizzazione della culture e della lingua della Sardegna" Archived 26 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Articles 2.1 and 2.4 . Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna
- ^ Communal Statute Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Article 9. City of Alghero.
- ^ Corbera Pou, Jaume (2000). Caracterització del lèxic alguerès. Palma (Balears): University of the Balearic Islands. OCLC 807849256.
- ^ "Useful Catalan phrases". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "Qui sem – Obra Cultural de l'Alguer". Obra Cultural de l'Alguer (in Catalan). Retrieved 1 September 2018.
- ^ "Al Civico di Alghero il "Premio Pino Piras"". Alguer.it Notizie (in Italian). 23 October 2008.
- ^ "Little Prince nr. PP-3547 / Catalan Algherese". www.petit-prince-collection.com.
Sources
edit- Sanna, Josep (1988). Diccionari català de l'Alguer (1st ed.). L'Alguer: Fundació del II Congrés de la Llengua Catalana. ISBN 8471293919. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007.
- Marongiu, Antonietta Maria (2007). Language Maintenance and Shift in Sardinia: A Case Study of Sardinian and Italian in Cagliari (PhD thesis). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. hdl:2142/86151.
- Corbera Pou, Jaume (2000). Caracterització del lèxic alguerès. Palma (Balears): Universitat de les Illes Balears.
- Scala, Luca (2003). Català de l'Alguer. Criteris de llengua escrita (1st ed.). Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. ISBN 978-84-8415-463-1.
- Ballone, Francesc (2008). L'Alguer and Alguerese Catalan. Corpus Oral de l'Algueres
- Argenter, Joan A. (2008). "L'Alguer (Alghero), a Catalan Linguistic Enclave in Sardinia". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (193/194). doi:10.1515/IJSL.2008.056. S2CID 145104205.
- Perea, Maria-Pilar (2010). "The Dialect of Alghero: Continuity and Change" (PDF). In Millar, Robert McColl (ed.). Marginal Dialects: Scotland, Ireland and Beyond. Aberdeen: Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ireland. pp. 131–149. ISBN 978-0-9566549-0-8.
- Perea, Maria-Pilar; Sifre, Manel (2013). "Dialectal Variation in a Nineteenth-Century Catalan Grammar Corpus". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 95: 409–417. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.663.
- Tufi, Stefania (2013). "Language Ideology and Language Maintenance: The Case of Sardinia". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (219): 145–160. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2013-0009. S2CID 143748495.
- Cabrera-Callis, Maria (2015). Morphologically Conditioned Intervocalic Rhotacism in Algherese Catalan. Variations within and Across Romance Languages
- Moseley, Christopher (2016). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
- Hammarstrom, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Bank, Sebastian (2017). Dialect: Algherese. Glottolog
- Ager, Simon (1998–2017). Useful Catalan Phrases. Omniglot.
- Various Sources (2017). Algherese Catalan. The Endangered Languages Project
- Chessa, Enrico (2011). Another Case of Language Death? The Intergenerational Transmission of Catalan in Alghero (PDF) (PhD thesis). Queen Mary, University of London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013.
External links
edit- Notes:
