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Afro-Asians (or African Asians) are African communities that have been living in the Indian subcontinent for centuries and have settled in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
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This includes the Siddis (who have been in India and Pakistan for over a thousand years) and Kaffirs in Sri Lanka.
East African slave trade
editThe slave trade in Asia predates the Atlantic slave trade.[1] The first Siddis were brought as slaves by Arab traders to India in 628 AD at the Bharuch port. [2]
Siddis were also brought as slaves by the Deccan Sultanates. Several former slaves rose to high ranks in the military and administration, the most prominent of which was Malik Ambar.[3]
A few Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa were also imported to the Indian subcontinent in the 16th century as household slaves by the Portuguese. However, most of these Africans escaped the Portuguese territories and remained Muslim rather than become Catholic (Islam was not allowed to be practiced in Portuguese territories due to the existing Portuguese laws against Islam), while a small minority of the escaped slaves became Hindus due to the surrounding native Hindu majority.[4] The Nizam of Hyderabad also employed African-origin guards and soldiers.[5][6]
By the 17th century, a struggle for imperialism grew among the British, French and Dutch. The French and Dutch required slave labour for plantations, farming, and agriculture, respectively. Whilst the British required slaves for their navy, marine yards and for work as caulkers in the East India Company. The battle for supremacy in the area eventually led to the British domination, which lasted until the 19th century.[7]
Conditions for Afro-Asian slaves
editAlthough slavery in India was oppressive and brutal and slaves were flogged or forced to work with little food, some gained access to some wealth and power, particularly during the Muslim era.[8]
As slaves, the Sheedi were allowed some degree of social mobility so it was possible for them to be placed in high positions within the military and governing bodies.[9] Muslim slaves were also allowed to become educated, marry freely, become political advisers, recruit other slaves through purchase, inducements, or capture.[9]
Abolition of slavery
editBy the 19th century, the British had abolished the slave trade but efforts by the British in the Indian subcontinent and other European imperialists were made to circumvent this.[7] However, across all eras, there was a steady demand for personal slaves employed as domestic helpers. They were seen as indicators of high social status.[10] The economic situation of the people determined the demand for slaves and was the underlying factor in the nature of slavery that developed in the Indian Subcontinent.
During the era of British and other European imperialism and colonialism, the Afro-Asians became further marginalised as the imperialists brought in attitudes about race into a complicated social and class system. Many of the Afro-Asians were systematically divided into settlements so that they could not politically organise. Instead, they were encouraged to assimilate.
Assimilation and acculturation
editDue to the type of slavery that encouraged assimilation, many Afro-Asians assimilated into the mainstream culture of British India and adopted the language, religion, names, and rituals of the surrounding cultures. The formerly enslaved adopted the culture of their former slave masters (both Indian and British).
Many Sheedis still retain some of their African traditions. Many Sheedis are either Muslim (mainly in Pakistan) or Hindu (mainly in India). A minority are Christian (both Protestant and Catholic).
In recent years, after the World Conference Against Racism in Durban South Africa, many have tried to organise politically so that they can improve their poor economic conditions.
Influences on Afro-Asian culture
editSports
editThere have been athletes who rose to fame in the fields of running and wrestling.
Afro-Asian Diaspora in South Asia
editAfrican Diaspora in India
editThe Siddis are the largest settlement of slave descendants in India; many have settled around the western coast and hinterland in cities like Janjira, Gujarat and Goa. Today, it is estimated there about 6,000-7,000 Siddis in Gujarat (India) and 400 in Mumbai.[11]
African Diaspora in Pakistan
editPakistani African descents consist of the "Makrani", "Sheedi" or "Habshi". The Makrani (Urdu/Persian: مکرانی) are the inhabitants of Makran coast of Balochistan in Pakistan and in Sindh the African descent people are called "Sheedi" and "Dada" the later is used as an respective term for them.[12] The Sheedi in Karachi live in the area of Lyari and in Badin and in nearby coastal areas. Although most people use the term Sheedi to describe many of the African populations in Pakistan, they are not all Sheedis.
The Sheedis are divided into four clans or houses: Kharadar Makan, Hyderabad Makan, Lassi Makan and Belaro Makan. The Sufi saint Pir Mangho is regarded by many as the patron saint of the Sheedis and the annual Sheedi Mela festival, is the key event in the Sheedi community's cultural calendar. Some glimpses of the rituals at Sheedi Festival 2010 include visit to sacred alligators at Mangho pir, playing music and dance.
African identity
editMany of Afro-Pakistanis are described to have "assimilated" themselves into the "dominant culture".[13] The Sheedis have assimilated into Pakistani Baloch culture; the instrument, songs and dance of the Sheedis appear to be derived from Africa. Linguistically, Makranis are Balochi and Sindhi. Their local culture has been influential in shaping the dominant culture of Pakistan. The musical anthem of the ruling Pakistan Peoples Party, Bija Teer, is a Balochi song in the musical style of the Sheedis with African style rhythm and drums.[clarification needed]
African Diaspora in Sri Lanka
editThe Sri Lankan Kaffirs (cafrinhas in Portuguese, rendered as kāpiriyō (කාපිරි) in Sinhala and kāpili (காப்பிலி) in Tamil), are a Sri Lankan community that emerged in the 16th-century due to Portuguese colonialism.
Imperialism
editWhen Dutch colonialists arrived in about 1600, the Kaffirs worked on cinnamon plantations along the southern coast. The Kaffirs ancestors were chained up and forced by the Dutch to take on the Sinhalese Kingdom. After the Dutch were successfully repelled by the Sinhalese in 1796, the Kaffirs were further marginalized by an influx of Indian laborers, who were imported by the British and who took most work on tea and rubber estates. The descendants of the original Africans or Kaffirs survive in pockets along the island's coastal regions of Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Negombo.
African identity
editSri Lankans of African descent are proud to be Sri Lankans. They also acknowledge their African history. Kaffirs have an orally recorded history by the families who are descendants of former Sinhalese slave traders. A substantial population among those Sri Lankans of African descent are believed to have roots in the region that today corresponds to the Republic of Mozambique. The community's classical traditions of dance and song performance are described as the strongest indicators of the communities cultural retention of and fidelity in preserving Africa's ancient traditions of religions, culture and civilization. The term Kaffir means 'non-believer' in the Arabic language, though it does not hold the same pejorative implications of the word as it would in countries like South Africa; its continued use by certain sections of Sri Lankan people is defended on the basis that term is not intended to be used as a racial slur.[14]
Many Sri Lankans of African descent speak what has been described as a "creole" mixture of both the Sinhalese and Tamil languages.[15] The community of Sri Lankans of African descent are also described as having been "assimilated"[dubious – discuss] over the years as they have married Tamils and Sinhalese Sri Lankans.[dubious – discuss]
Afro-Sri Lankans today
editThe education level of the community is consistent with that of rural Sri Lankan populations. They have become dis-empowered (they were used as soldiers by the Europeans) since the European colonizers have left the island and have tried to find their role in Sri Lankan society.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Harris, J. E. (1971). The African Presence in Asia. Evanston: Northwestern University
- ^ Yatin Pandya, Trupti Rawal (2002). The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium. Vastu Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design.
The first Muslims in Gujarat to have arrived are the Siddis via the Bharuch port in 628 AD ... The major group, though, arrived in 712 AD via Sindh and the north.... With the founding of Ahmedabad in 1411 AD it became the concentrated base of the community....
- ^ "Malik Ambar: The African slave who built Aurangabad and ruined the game for Mughals in the Deccan". The Indian Express. 2020-05-15. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
- ^ Albinia, Alice (2012). Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River. UK: Hachette. ISBN 978-0393063226.
- ^ "Hyderabad's African old guard". 2003-08-04. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
- ^ "Another face of Hyderabad - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
- ^ a b Jayasuriya, S. D., & Pankhurst, R. (2003). "On the African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean". In S. d. Jayasuriya, & R. Pankhurst, The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean (pp. 7-17). Trenton: Africa World Press.
- ^ Basu, H. (2003). "Slave, Soldier, Trader, Faqir: Fragments of African Histories in Western India (Gujarat)". In S. d. Jayasuriya, & R. Pankhurst, The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean (pp. 223-250). Trenton: Africa World Press
- ^ a b Oka, R., & Kusimba, C. (2007). "Siddi as Mercenary or as African Success Story on the West Coast of India". In J. C. Hawley, India in Africa Africa in India: Indian Ocean Cosmopolitans (pp. 203-224). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- ^ Alpers, E. (2003). "The African Diaspora In the Indian Ocean: A Comparative Perspective". In S. D. Jayasuriya, & R. Pankhurst, The African Diaspora In the Indian Ocean (pp. 19-51). Africa World Press.
- ^ Basu, H. (2003). "Slave, Soldier, Trader, Faqir: Fragments of African Histories in Western India (Gujarat)". In S. d. Jayasuriya, & R. Pankhurst, The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean (pp. 223-250). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- ^ "Fig 1. The Makran coast of Pakistan, showing location of the submarine..." ResearchGate. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
- ^ Algan, Yann; Bisin, Alberto; Verdier, Thierry (2012), "Introduction: Perspectives on Cultural Integration of Immigrants" (PDF), Cultural Integration of Immigrants in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660094.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-966009-4, retrieved 2022-05-15
- ^ Bajoria, Jayshree (2009-05-18). "The Sri Lankan Conflict". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
- ^ Jayasuriya, Shihan de Silva (2005-11-30). "The Portuguese Identity of the Afro-Sri Lankans". Lusotopie. Recherches politiques internationales sur les espaces issus de l'histoire et de la colonisation portugaises. 12 (1–2): 21–32. doi:10.1163/176830805774719755. ISSN 1257-0273.