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Accession of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations

The People's Republic of China (PRC, commonly known as China) was established in 1949 and was not recognized by the United Nations (UN) as the legitimate government of China until 1971. Prior to then, the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) represented the interests of China, with both it and the PRC claiming to be the only legitimate representative of whole China. In 1950, the PRC requested its admission to the UN and the expulsion of the representatives of the Kuomintang (the former governing party of China) from the United Nations Security Council; the request was unsuccessful, after which the Soviet Union initiated a boycott of the UN. Following that, annual motions for the PRC's recognition were introduced by a variety of UN member states, until the PRC was formally recognized in October 1971.

Background

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China was a founding member of the UN in 1945, members the Chinese delegation were involved in drafting of the Charter of the United Nations.[1] China was granted a seat in the security council of the United Nations with veto powers with the support of Franklin D. Roosevelt the President of the United States.[2] At the time, Roosevelt attempted to counter Soviet Unions influence in Asia with an ally of the United States.[2] When the PRC was founded in 1949, and it requested to be recognized as the only legitimate representative of China before the United Nations, it was rejected and the ROC kept the seat in the United Nations.[3] In the sources, the People's Republic of China (PRC) is also described as Communist China;[4] and the Republic of China (ROC) is also known as Taiwan,[1] Formosa, Nationalist China,[5] and its diplomats to the UN, representatives of the Kuomintang[1] or Chiang Kai-Shek.[6]

1949–1960

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After the PRC succeeded in the Chinese civil war against the Chinese nationalist forces, who withdrew to the island of Taiwan, the PRC demanded to be seated in the United Nations Security Council.[2] The first time in November 1949 when the Premier Minister of the PRC Zhou Enlai wrote a letter to the UN.[3] After in the UN assembly the request to unseat the Chinese Nationalists and recognize the PRC was unsuccessful, the Soviet Union raised the issue of Chinas representation in the Security Council of the UN the next month.[3] By the 8 January 1950, several countries including Great Britain have recognized the PRC diplomatically and Enlai sent a second a bit more vigorous request to unseat the Chinese Nationalists from the UN security council.[3] This was followed by a formal request not to recognize the Chinese Nationalist credentials by the Soviet Union.[7] But the United States and its western allies in the UN refused to recognize the PRC as the legitimate government of China as it would have granted a communist government a veto power in the United Nations Security Council.[2]

Between 1951 and 1955 each year the Soviet Union was responsible for requesting the PRC to be admitted to United Nations.[8] Between 1956 and 1959 India requested for the PRC to be admitted to the United Nations.[8] In 1960 it was the Soviet Unions turn again to demand PRC's UN membership.[8] All those years the United States managed to keep the question of China's representation out of the agenda.[8]

But the support of a change in representation grew to greater numbers and eventually the representation of China was discussed in 1961.[9] Then the same year, a resolution was introduced with the support of the USA which considered the question of Chinese representation an 'important question', therefore requiring a majority of two-thirds.[9]

1960–1970

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From 1961 onwards, on whether the PRC was to be seated and the ROC expelled was the question.[8] In 1961 and 1962 it was the Soviet Union who sponsored the draft resolution for the inclusion of the PRC into the UN.[8] After the Sino-Russian relations deteriorated, Albania proposed the annual question of Chinese representation in 1963.[10] In 1964, no annual General Assembly was held.[8] France recognized China diplomatically in 1965 and further on only the US supported the Chinese Nationalist Government as the representative of China.[11] In 1965 and 1966, several countries around Albania co-sponsored the request for the PRC to be seated in the UN.[11] Between 1966 and 1968, an Italian initiative called for direct negotiations between the United Nations and the PRC on the issue of representation, but this was also not approved.[10]

After the vote in 1969, the Chinese Government accused the Soviet Union of a collaboration with the US in a plot with Chiang Kai sheck 'bandit gang' to create Two Chinas.[12] At the time, the United States were considering to support a Chinese representation by the PRC in the UN and also its Security Council but that Taiwan would not be expelled from the United Nations.[12] In 1970, it was the first time a majority of the General Assembly was in favor of seating the PRC in the UN, but it was not a majority of two-thirds.[13]

Recognitions by UN organizations

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In the 26th General Assembly of the United Nations on 25 October 1971,[14] the question of Chinese representation at the UN was not considered an important question anymore.[14] In the same session, the Albania-sponsored Resolution 2758 was approved, which meant the PRC was recognized as China's representation to the UN and the expulsion of the representatives of Chiang Kai Shek from all UN dependent institutions.[14]

The next day the secretary general sent out a circular to the UN dependent agencies with the UN resolutions 2758 and 389 which deals with questions of representation and informing that the position of the General Assembly of the United Nations should be taken into account also in the UN branches.[6] The UNESCO, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) applied the UN resolution 2758 automatically.[6] In other UN agencies further decisions were to be taken.[6]

In 1971

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The International Labor Organizations (ILO) recognized the PRC as the Government of China on the 16 November 1971, after a motion from the United States to defer the question on China's representation to the next ILO General Assembly was rejected.[15] The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) decided to recognize the representative of the PRC to the ICAO on the 19 November 1971.[16]

The Food and Agricultulture Organization (FAO) invited the PRC to become a member state in November 1971 as Taiwan (at the time representing China) withdrew from the FAO in 1951.[17] The PRC eventually assumed its seat in 1973.[18]

On request from the representative of Romania, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) decided to expel the representative of the Kuomintang and in turn to admit the representative of the PRC on the 9 December 1971.[19]

In 1972

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The World Health Organization (WHO) decided to recognize the representative of the PRC as the representative of China on the 26 January 1972.[20] And in February 1972, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) also recognized the representative of the PRC as the representative from China.[21]

Aftermath

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Taiwan claimed to be the only legitimate Government of China until 1988, the year it recognized the Peoples' Republic of China.[1] Further-on, Taiwan aimed to become a member of the UN to which the PRC is opposed.[22] In a vote of 1994 on whether the question should be on the UN agenda, the majority rejected the idea.[22]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Bulsara, Sanket (1995). "Out in the Cold: The Politics of Taiwan's Exclusion from the UN". Harvard International Review. 17 (3): 52–84. ISSN 0739-1854. JSTOR 42761198.
  2. ^ a b c d Torelli, Angela (2012). "The Costs of Realism: The Nixon Administration, the People's Republic of China, and the United Nations". The Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 19 (2): 157–182. doi:10.1163/18765610-01902001. ISSN 1058-3947. JSTOR 23613339.
  3. ^ a b c d Luard, Evan (1971). "China and the United Nations". International Affairs. 47 (4): 729–730. doi:10.2307/2625680. ISSN 0020-5850. JSTOR 2625680.
  4. ^ Bloomfield, Lincoln P. (1966). p. 655
  5. ^ Torelli, Angela (2012). p. 158
  6. ^ a b c d "Representation of China Within the United Nations System". International Legal Materials. 11 (3): 561–570. May 1972. doi:10.1017/S0020782950035981. ISSN 0020-7829. S2CID 249005748 – via Cambridge University Press.
  7. ^ Luard, Evan (1971). p. 730
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Bloomfield, Lincoln P. (1966). "China, the United States, and the United Nations". International Organization. 20 (4): 673. doi:10.1017/S0020818300012923. ISSN 0020-8183. JSTOR 2705735. S2CID 154917681.
  9. ^ a b Luard, Evan (1971) pp. 731–732
  10. ^ a b Luard, Evan (1971) p. 732
  11. ^ a b Bloomfield, Lincoln P. (1966). "China, the United States, and the United Nations". International Organization. 20 (4): 653–676. doi:10.1017/S0020818300012923. ISSN 0020-8183. JSTOR 2705735. S2CID 154917681.
  12. ^ a b Luard, Evan (1971) p. 736
  13. ^ Bailey, Sydney D. (1971). "China and the United Nations". The World Today. 27 (9): 365–372. ISSN 0043-9134. JSTOR 40394545.
  14. ^ a b c Hickey, Dennis V. (1997). "U.S. Policy and Taiwan's Bid to Rejoin the United Nations". Asian Survey. 37 (11): 1032. doi:10.2307/2645739. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2645739.
  15. ^ "Representation of China Within the United Nations System" p. 562
  16. ^ "Representation of China Within the United Nations System" p. 567
  17. ^ "Representation of China Within the United Nations System" pp. 563–564
  18. ^ "FAO – News Article: FAO and China mark 40 years of cooperation in hunger fight". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  19. ^ "Representation of China Within the United Nations System" p. 569
  20. ^ "Representation of China Within the United Nations System" pp. 565–566
  21. ^ "Representation of China Within the United Nations System" pp. 568–569
  22. ^ a b Bulsara, Sanket (1995). p. 53
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