On 5 February AD 62, an earthquake of an estimated magnitude of between 5 and 6 and a maximum intensity of IX or X on the Mercalli scale struck the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, severely damaging them. The earthquake may have been a precursor to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, which destroyed the same two towns. The contemporary philosopher and dramatist Seneca the Younger wrote an account of the earthquake in the sixth book of his Naturales quaestiones, entitled De Terrae Motu (Concerning Earthquakes).
  | |
| Local date | 5 February 62 |
|---|---|
| Magnitude | 5.2–6.1 |
| Epicentre | 40°42′N 14°30′E / 40.7°N 14.5°E[1] |
| Areas affected | Roman Empire, Campania |
| Max. intensity | MMI IX (Violent) – MMI X (Extreme) |
Geological setting
editThe epicentre of the earthquake lies within a zone of active extensional faulting, but close to the southern flank of Vesuvius. Analysis of focal mechanisms from the area around Vesuvius indicates that active faulting in the area involves NW–SE and NE–SW trending oblique-slip normal faults and E–W trending normal faults, part of the zone of active extension that extends the full length of the Apennines mountain chain, associated with continued opening of the Tyrrhenian Sea.[2] An association between earthquakes in the central Apennines and eruptions of Vesuvius has been proposed, but is not yet proven.[3]
Date
editThere is some uncertainty regarding the year of this earthquake. Seneca, who was writing soon after the event, describes the earthquake as occurring during the consulship of Gaius Memmius Regulus and Lucius Verginius Rufus, which would suggest the year was AD 63. In contrast Tacitus, who was writing some forty years later, describes it as occurring during the consulship of Publius Marius and Lucius Afinius Gallus, which indicates AD 62. The page for this event in the online Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (BC 461 – 1977) discusses this discrepancy and considers that AD 62 is the more likely date.[4]
Characteristics
editThe extent of damage has been used to estimate the magnitude of the earthquake. Estimates lie in the range from about 5 to 6.1.[5] The maximum felt intensity is estimated to have been in the range IX to X,[1][6] and the area of highest intensity was elongated roughly WNW–ESE.[6] Shaking was reported to have continued for several days,[7] presumably referring to a sequence of aftershocks. The focal depth is estimated to have been in the range 5–6 km.[8]
The earthquake is likely to have been a precursor to the renewed activity of Vesuvius in AD 79, following a long dormant period.[3]
Damage
edit
The towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum both suffered major damage, with damage to some buildings also reported from Naples and Nuceria.[6] Seneca reported the death of a flock of 600 sheep that he attributed to the effects of poisonous gases.[7]
The House of Lucius Caecilius Iucundus in Pompeii, later destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79, contained bas-reliefs showing damage to the city and its Temple of Jupiter during the earthquake of 62. The house's owner, Lucius Caecilius Iucundus, may have died during the earthquake.[9]
Aftermath
editThe damage caused by the mainshock and the subsequent series of tremors was at least partly repaired in both Pompeii and Herculaneum by the time of the AD 79 eruption. A pair of bas-reliefs, probably from the lararium in the house of Lucius Caecilius Iucundus in Pompeii, are interpreted as depicting the effects of the earthquake on structures including the Temple of Jupiter, the Aquarium of Caesar, and the Vesuvius Gate.[10]
The earthquake led Roman philosopher, statesman and dramatist Seneca the Younger to devote the sixth book of his Naturales quaestiones to the subject of earthquakes, describing the event of 5 February and giving the cause of earthquakes as the movement of air.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Magnitude 6.3 – CENTRAL ITALY 2009 April 06 01:32:42 UTC". United States Geological Survey. 6 April 2009. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
- ^ a b Marzocchi, W.; Scandone R. & Mulargia F. (1993). "The tectonic setting of Mount Vesuvius and the correlation between its eruptions and the earthquakes of the Southern Apennines". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 58 (1–4): 27–41. Bibcode:1993JVGR...58...27M. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90100-6.
- ^ Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari, G.; Tarabusi, G.; Comatri, A.; Mariotti, D.; Sgattoni, G.; Valensise, G. (2018). "62 02 05, – Pompei (NA) (Italy)". CFTI5Med, Catalogo dei Forti Terremoti in Italia (461 a.C.-1997) e nell’area Mediterranea (760 a.C.-1500) (in Italian). National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV). doi:10.6092/ingv.it-cfti5.
- ^ Cubellis, E.; Marturano A. (2002). "Mt. Vesuvius: a macroseismic study of the earthquake of 9 October 1999". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 118 (3–4): 339–351. Bibcode:2002JVGR..118..339C. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00301-3.
- ^ a b c Cubellis, E.; Luongo G. & Marturano A. (2007). "Seismic hazard assessment at Mt. Vesuvius: Maximum expected magnitude". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 162 (3–4): 139–148. Bibcode:2007JVGR..162..139C. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.03.003.
- ^ a b c Seneca. Naturales quaestiones. Vol. VI De Terrae Motu. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ De Carolis, E.; Patricelli, G. (2003). Vesuvius, A.D. 79: The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. L'Erma di Bretschneider. pp. 71–76. ISBN 978-88-8265-199-2. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ Butterworth, Alex; Laurence, Ray (2005). Pompeii: The Living City. London: Orion Books. p. 159. ISBN 0297645609.
- ^ Cooley, A.; Cooley, M.G.L. (2004). Pompeii: a sourcebook. Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World Series. Routledge. pp. 28–31. ISBN 978-0-415-26211-8. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
External links
edit- Page on the 62 Pompeii earthquake from the CFTI5 Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500) Guidoboni E., Ferrari G., Mariotti D., Comastri A., Tarabusi G., Sgattoni G., Valensise G. (2018) (in Italian)