Isoamyl acetate, also known as isopentyl acetate, is an ester formed from isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid, with the molecular formula C7H14O2. It is a colorless liquid that is only slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in most organic solvents. Isoamyl acetate has a strong odor which is described as similar to both banana and pear.[3] Pure isoamyl acetate, or mixtures of isoamyl acetate, amyl acetate, and other flavors in ethanol may be referred to as banana oil[4] or pear oil.[5]
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
3-Methylbutyl acetate | |
| Systematic IUPAC name
3-Methylbutyl ethanoate | |
| Other names
Isopentyl acetate
Isopentyl ethanoate Isoamyl acetate Banana oil Pear essence | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| 1744750 | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.004.240 |
| EC Number |
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| 101452 | |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |
| UN number | 1104 1993 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C7H14O2 | |
| Molar mass | 130.187 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Odor | Banana-like[1] |
| Density | 0.876 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | −78 °C (−108 °F; 195 K) |
| Boiling point | 142 °C (288 °F; 415 K) |
| 0.3% (20 °C)[1] | |
| Vapor pressure | 4 mmHg or 0.533 kPa (20 °C)[1] |
| −89.4·10−6 cm3/mol | |
Refractive index (nD)
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1.4020 at 20° |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
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| Danger | |
| H226, H315, H319, H335, H336, H372 | |
| P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P302 P352, P303 P361 P353, P304 P340, P305 P351 P338, P312, P314, P321, P332 P313, P337 P313, P362, P370 P378, P403 P233, P403 P235, P405, P501 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | 25 °C (77 °F; 298 K) |
| Explosive limits | 1.0% (100 °C) – 7.5%[1] |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
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7422 mg/kg (rabbit, oral) 16,600 mg/kg (rat, oral)[2] |
LCLo (lowest published)
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6470 ppm (cat)[2] |
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 100 ppm (525 mg/m3)[1] |
REL (Recommended)
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TWA 100 ppm (525 mg/m3)[1] |
IDLH (Immediate danger)
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1000 ppm[1] |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds
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Isoamyl formate |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Natural occurrence
editIsoamyl acetate occurs naturally in many plants, including apple, banana, coffee, grape, guava, lychee, papaya, peach, pomegranate, and tomato.[6][7] It is also released by fermentation processes, including those used for making beer, sake, cognac, and whisky.[6]
Isoamyl acetate is released by a honey bee's sting apparatus where it serves as a pheromone beacon to attract other bees and provoke them to sting.[8]
Production
editIsoamyl acetate is prepared by the acid-catalyzed reaction (Fischer esterification) between isoamyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid as shown in the reaction equation below. Typically, sulfuric acid is used as the catalyst. Alternatively, p-toluenesulfonic acid or an acidic ion exchange resin can be used as the catalyst.
It is also produced synthetically by the rectification of amyl acetate.[9]
Applications
editIsoamyl acetate is used to confer banana or pear flavor in foods such as circus peanuts, Juicy Fruit and pear drops.[10] Banana oil and pear oil commonly refer to a solution of isoamyl acetate in ethanol that is used as an artificial flavor.
It is also used as a solvent for some varnishes, oil paints, and nitrocellulose lacquers. As a solvent and carrier for materials such as nitrocellulose, it was extensively used in the aircraft industry for stiffening and wind-proofing fabric flying surfaces, where it and its derivatives were generally known as 'aircraft dope'. Now that most aircraft wings are made of metal, such use is mostly limited to historically accurate reproductions and scale models.
Because of its intense, pleasant odor and its low toxicity, isoamyl acetate is used to test the effectiveness of respirators or gas masks.[11]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0347". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ a b "Isoamyl acetate". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ "Iso-amyl acetate". chemicalland21.com.
- ^ Karl-Georg Fahlbusch, Franz-Josef Hammerschmidt, Johannes Panten, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Dietmar Schatkowski, Kurt Bauer, Dorothea Garbe, Horst Surburg "Flavors and Fragrances" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_141.
- ^ "T3DB: Isopentyl acetate". Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB). Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canada Foundation for Innovation, and by The Metabolomics Innovation Centre (TMIC). Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ a b Technical Resources International, Inc (November 1994). "SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION: Isoamyl Acetate" (PDF). National Toxicology Program. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ "Isoamyl acetate Taxonomy". PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ Boch R; Shearer DA; Stone BC (September 8, 1962). "Identification of isoamyl acetate as an active component in the sting pheromone of the honey bee". Nature. 195 (4845). England: Nature Publishing Group: 1018–20. Bibcode:1962Natur.195.1018B. doi:10.1038/1951018b0. PMID 13870346. S2CID 4224788.
- ^ "Isoamyl acetate Methods of Manufacturing". PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
- ^ "Isoamyl acetate". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ^ "Fit Testing Procedures (Mandatory). - 1910.134 App A | Occupational Safety and Health Administration". www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-04.