367943 Duende

367943 Duende (provisional designation 2012 DA₁₄) is a micro-asteroid and a near-Earth object of the Aten and Atira group, approximately 30 meters (98 ft) in diameter. It was discovered by astronomers of the Astronomical Observatory of Mallorca at its robotic La Sagra Observatory in 2012, and named for the duende, a goblin-like creature from Iberian and Filipino mythology and folklore. Duende is likely an uncommon L-type asteroid and significantly elongated. For an asteroid of its size, it has a relatively long rotation period of 9.485 hours.

367943 Duende

Goldstone radar collage of Duende on 15–16 February 2013
Discovery
Discovered by	OAM
Discovery site	La Sagra Obs.
Discovery date	23 February 2012
Designations
MPC designation	(367943) Duende
Named after	Duende (Iberian/Filipino mythology)
Alternative designations	2012 DA14
Minor planet category	NEO Aten  Atira  Apollo (pre-2013)
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	364 days
Aphelion	0.9916 AU
Perihelion	0.8289 AU
Semi-major axis	0.9103 AU
Eccentricity	0.0894
Orbital period (sidereal)	0.87 yr (317 days)
Mean anomaly	113.74°
Mean motion	1° 8m 5.64s / day
Inclination	11.609°
Longitude of ascending node	146.96°
Argument of perihelion	195.60°
Earth MOID	9.52648×10−5 AU (0.037 LD)
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	20 m × 40 m (elongated)
Mean diameter	18 m 45–50 m 47 m (calculated)
Synodic rotation period	8 h (lower limit) 8.95±0.08 h 9.1±0.5 h 9.485±0.144 h 11.0±1.8 h
Geometric albedo	0.20 (assumed) 0.44±0.20
Spectral type	L  S/V
Apparent magnitude	7.2 (2013 peak)
Absolute magnitude (H)	24.0 24.4 (2012-estimate) 24.78±0.11 (R) 25.0±0.2

On 15 February 2013, Duende passed at a record distance of 27,700 km (17,200 mi) or 4.3 Earth radii from Earth's surface. Due to its close passage, its orbit was perturbed significantly enough that it changed from an Apollo asteroid to an Aten asteroid. Duende's passage also coincided with the completely unrelated Chelyabinsk meteor, which entered Earth's atmosphere above Russia just 16 hours earlier.

Discovery and past risk assessments

Duende was discovered on 23 February 2012, seven days after passing 0.0174 AU (2,600,000 km; 1,620,000 mi) from Earth, by the La Sagra Observatory in Granada Province, Spain, using a 0.45-m reflector which was remotely operated by amateur astronomers at the Astronomical Observatory of Mallorca.

The still relatively imprecise orbit deduced from the short arc of the 2012 observations already made clear that Duende would pass no closer to Earth's surface than 3.2 Earth radii during its 2013 passage. There was at the time, however, a cumulative risk of 0.033% (1 in 3,030) that Duende would impact Earth during one of its 2026 to 2069 approaches.

2013 passage

Diagram of Duende passing Earth on 15 February 2013

Animation of Duende's orbit around Sun
  Duende ·   Sun ·   Earth

On 9 January 2013, Duende was observed again by Las Campanas Observatory and the observation arc immediately increased from 79 days to 321 days. On 15 February 2013 at 19:25 UT, Duende passed 0.0002276 AU (34,050 km; 21,160 mi) from the center of Earth, with an uncertainty region of about 0.0000001 AU (15 km; 9.3 mi).

It passed 27,743 kilometers (17,239 mi) above Earth's surface, closer than satellites in geosynchronous orbit. It briefly peaked at an apparent magnitude of roughly 7.2, a factor of a few fainter than would have been visible to the naked eye. The best observation location for the closest approach was Indonesia. Eastern Europe, Asia, and Australia also were well situated to observe Duende during its closest approach.

Duende was not expected to pass any closer than 1950 km to any satellites. Goldstone Observatory observed Duende with radar from February 16 to February 20. Radar observations showed that it is an elongated asteroid with dimensions of 20 by 40 meters (66 by 131 feet). This gives Duende a geometric mean (spherical) diameter equivalent to 28 meters (92 ft).

During the close approach, an observational campaign involving 5 different telescopes in 4 different observatories was carried on in order to get information on the physical properties of this NEO.

Visible and near-Infrared photometry and visible spectroscopy were obtained at Gran Telescopio Canarias, Telescopio Nazionale Galileo and Calar Alto Observatory and put together. The classification using the M4AST online tool says this is an L-type asteroid. Those peculiar asteroids are characterized by a strongly reddish spectrum shortward of 0.8 μm, and a featureless flat spectrum longward of this, with little or no concave-up curvature related to a 1 μm silicon absorption band. Time-series photometry was also obtained in the Observatorio de La Hita (I95) and Observatorio de Sierra Nevada during two consecutive nights (15–16 February 2013). All of this data were co-phased to build a lightcurve of the object. This lightcurve is double-peak and presents large variations in magnitude, implying a very elongated object, which is compatible with radar observations. The amplitude of the lightcurve yields an axial ratio that, together with the long axis of 40 m inferred from the radar images by Goldstone, results in an equivalent diameter of 18 m, much smaller than the estimations before the close-approach.

The rotational period was precisely determined from the lightcurve obtaining a value of 8.95±0.08 h. This value is confirmed with an analysis of all the photometry of this objects reported to the Minor Planet Center. Using data pre and post close approach the authors find that the object suffered a spin-up during the event that decreased the rotational period from 9.8±0.1 down to 8.8±0.1 hours, which is compatible with the more accurate value estimated from the light-curve.

Closest approach of asteroid drawn to scale.

Orbital shift

The close approach to Earth reduced the orbital period of Duende from 368 days to 317 days, Its aphelion was reduced from 1.110 to 0.9917 AU, leaving it almost entirely inside Earth's orbit and perturbing it from the Apollo class to the Aten class of near-Earth asteroids.

Its next close approach to Earth will be on 15 February 2046, when it will pass about 0.0148 AU (2,210,000 km; 1,380,000 mi) from Earth. Based on 7 radar observations, the next close approach to Earth similar to the 2013 passage will be on 16 February 2123, when Duende will pass no closer than 0.0002 AU (30,000 km; 19,000 mi) from the center of Earth. For the 2123 passage, the nominal pass will be 0.003 AU (450,000 km; 280,000 mi) from the center of the Moon and then 0.005 AU (750,000 km; 460,000 mi) from the center of Earth.

Parameter	Epoch	Aphelion (Q)	Perihelion (q)	Semi-major axis (a)	Eccentricity (e)	Period (p)	Inclination (i)	Longitude ascending node (Ω)	Mean anomaly (M)	Argument of perihelion (ω)
Units		AU				(days)	(°)
Pre-flyby	30 Sep 2012	1.110	0.8935	1.001	0.1081	366.2	10.33°	147.2°	299.9°	271.0°
Post-flyby	18 Apr 2013	0.9917	0.8289	0.9103	0.0894	317.2	11.60°	146.9°	231.0°	195.5°

Risks

Two-body simulation of the Sun and Duende during the 2013 Earth approach, N-body perturbations are not considered.

Risk assessments calculated before the 2013 passage were based on a diameter of 45 meters and a mass of 130,000 tonnes. It was estimated that, if it were ever to impact Earth, it would enter the atmosphere at a speed of 12.7 km/s, would have a kinetic energy equivalent to 2.4 megatons of TNT, and would produce an air burst with the equivalent of 2.1 megatons of TNT at an altitude of roughly 10.1 kilometers (33,000 ft). The Tunguska event has been estimated at 3–20 megatons. Asteroids of approximately 50 meters in diameter are expected to impact Earth once every 1,200 years or so. Asteroids larger than 35 meters across can pose a threat to a town or city, and the Chelyabinsk meteor which serendipitously occurred on the day of the 2013 passage was due to a 17-meter asteroid. As a result of radar observations, it is now known that Duende is only about 30 meters in diameter.

• The uncertainty region of Duende during planetary encounters is now well determined through 2123.
• Duende was therefore removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 16 February 2013.
• It is estimated that there are more than a million near-Earth asteroids smaller than 100 meters.

Airburst estimates for a stony asteroid with a diameter ranging from 30 to 85 meters

Diameter	Kinetic energy at atmospheric entry	Airburst energy	Airburst altitude	Average frequency
30 m (98 ft)	708 kt	530 kt	16.1 km (53,000 ft)	185 years
50 m (160 ft)	3.3 Mt	2.9 Mt	8.5 km (28,000 ft)	764 years
70 m (230 ft)	9 Mt	8.5 Mt	3.4 km (11,000 ft)	1900 years
85 m (279 ft)	16.1 Mt	15.6 Mt	0.435 km (1,430 ft)	3300 years

The table above uses Sentry's stony asteroid density of 2600 kg/m³, Sentry's atmospheric entry velocity (V_impact) of 12.7 km/s, and an angle of 45 degrees.

For kinetic energy at atmospheric entry, 3.3 Mt is equivalent to DF-4, 9 Mt is equivalent to Ivy Mike and 15.6 Mt is equivalent to Castle Bravo. For air burst energy, 530 kt is equivalent to W88 and 2.9 Mt is equivalent to R-12 Dvina.

Naming

This minor planet was named after the duende, fairy- or goblin-like mythological creatures from Iberian, Latin American and Filipino folklore. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center 17 November 2013 (M.P.C. 85916).

See also

• 2010 GA6
• 2011 MD
• (29075) 1950 DA
• 99942 Apophis
• 2008 TC3
• Don Quijote (spacecraft)

External links

• 2012 DA₁₄ around the time of its minimum distance from the Earth (Virtual Telescope Project, 15 February 2013)
• Video: Fly by, 15 February 2013
• Asteroid 2012 DA₁₄ to Safely Pass Earth (JPLnews video, 4 February 2013)
• Guide to Asteroid 2012 DA₁₄ Super Close Approach (Bruce Betts, 4 February 2013, includes video)
• Physical characteristics of 2012 DA₁₄, nasa.gov
• 2012 DA₁₄ Earth Impact Risk Summary, nasa.gov
• Real-time video of asteroid 2012 DA₁₄ passing Earth (Clay Center Observatory, beginning 6 p.m. EST on 15 February 2013)
• No, asteroid 2012 DA₁₄ will not hit us next year Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Bad Astronomy blog (Phil Plait, 4 March 2012)
• Cool animation showing asteroid DA 14′s near miss next year Archived 11 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Bad Astronomy blog (Phil Plait, 8 March 2012)
• 2012 DA₁₄ sparks asteroid fever (Astro Bob, 6 March 2012)
• Near-miss asteroid will return next year (ESA – 15 March 2012)
• Discovery of 2012 DA₁₄ (Jaime Nomen for OAM team – La Sagra Sky Survey), includes animated discovery images
• 2012 DA₁₄ orbit calculation with a 3 day observation arc (mpml : 26 February 2012)
• Meteoroid hazard to satellites comes overwhelmingly from the marbles, not the mountains (mpml : 26 March 2012)
• Table of next close approaches (Sormano Astronomical Observatory)
• SAEL – Small Asteroid Encounter List (Sormano Astronomical Observatory)
• 367943 Duende at NeoDyS-2, Near Earth Objects—Dynamic Site
  • Ephemerides · Observation prediction · Orbital info · MOID · Proper elements · Observational info · Close approaches · Physical info · Orbit animation
• 367943 Duende at ESA–space situational awareness
  • Ephemerides · Observations · Orbit · Physical properties · Summary
• 367943 Duende at the JPL Small-Body Database