2008 New Zealand general election

The 2008 New Zealand general election was held on 8 November 2008 to determine the composition of the 49th New Zealand Parliament. The liberal-conservative National Party, headed by its parliamentary leader John Key, won the largest share of votes and seats, ending nine years of government by the social-democratic Labour Party, led by Helen Clark. Key announced a week later that he would lead a National minority government with confidence-and-supply support from the ACT, United Future and Māori parties. The Governor-General swore Key in as New Zealand's 38th Prime Minister on 19 November 2008. This marked the beginning of the Fifth National Government which governed for the next nine years, until the 2017 general election, when a government was formed between the Labour and New Zealand First parties, with support on confidence and supply by the Green Party.

2008 New Zealand general election

8 November 2008 (2008-11-08)
All 122 seats in the House of Representatives, including two overhang seats 62 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout	2,376,480 (79.46%) 1.46
First party Second party Third party   Leader John Key Helen Clark Russel Norman Jeanette Fitzsimons Party National Labour Green Leader since 27 November 2006 1 December 1993 3 June 2006 21 May 1995 Leader's seat Helensville Mount Albert List List Last election 48 seats, 39.10% 50 seats, 41.10% 6 seats, 5.30% Seats before 48 49 6 Seats won 58 43 9 Seat change 10 6 3 Electorate vote 1,072,024 46.60% 6.22 810,238 35.22% 5.13 129,584 5.63% 1.51 Party vote 1,053,398 44.93% 5.83 796,880 33.99% 7.11 157,613 6.72% 1.42   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Rodney Hide Tariana Turia Pita Sharples Jim Anderton Party ACT Māori Party Progressive Leader since 18 June 2004 7 July 2004 27 July 2002 Leader's seat Epsom Te Tai Hauāuru Tāmaki Makaurau Wigram Last election 2 seats, 1.51% 4 seats, 2.12% 1 seat, 1.16% Seats before 2 4 1 Seats won 5 5 1 Seat change 3 1 0 Electorate vote 68,852 2.99% 1.02 76,836 3.34% 0.02 25,981 1.13% 0.51 Party vote 85,496 3.65% 2.14 55,980 2.39% 0.27 21,241 0.91% 0.25   Seventh party Eighth party   Leader Peter Dunne Winston Peters Party United Future New Zealand NZ First Leader since 16 November 2000 18 July 1993 Leader's seat Ōhariu List (lost seat) Last election 3 seats, 2.67% 7 seats, 5.72% Seats before 2 7 Seats won 1 0 Seat change 1 7 Electorate vote 25,955 1.13% 1.71 38,813 1.69% 1.80 Party vote 20,497 0.87% 1.80 95,356 4.07% 1.65
Results by electorate, shaded by winning margin
Government before election Clark III Labour-Progressive (C&S: NZF-Green-United Future) Subsequent Government Key I National (C&S: ACT-Māori-United Future)

The Green Party became the third-largest party in Parliament, with nine seats. The ACT Party came joint-fourth (in terms of seats), increasing their number of seats from two to five, and reversing some of their losses from the 2005 election. The Māori Party also won five seats – out of the seven Māori electorates – creating an overhang of two seats. The New Zealand First party, which had seven MPs in the previous parliament, failed to win any electorates or pass the 5 per cent MMP threshold, and therefore won no seats in the new parliament.

In his victory speech, John Key announced the readiness of the ACT, Maori Party and United Future parties to co-operate with the National Party to form the next government, the Fifth National Government of New Zealand. In her concession speech, Helen Clark announced her resignation as the parliamentary leader of the Labour Party. She had led the party since 1993, and had served as prime minister since the 1999 election. 2008 saw several important political figures enter Parliament, including future finance minister Grant Robertson, future National Party leader Simon Bridges, and the next two Labour Prime Ministers, Jacinda Ardern and Chris Hipkins. Former Labour minister Roger Douglas, who stepped down in 1990 returned to parliament in this election but as a member for the ACT Party.

Dates

New Zealand elections traditionally occur after September in the third year following the last election, and snap elections occur rarely; the only three elections out of sync in the period of 1948 to 2008 took place in 1951, 1984 and 2002—and the last two came only a few months early. Convention in New Zealand expects Parliaments to run for a full three years unless the government loses the confidence of the House, although this has not happened since 1911.

The Constitution Act 1986 defines the term of Parliament as "three years from the day fixed for the return of the writs issued for the last preceding general election of members of the House of Representatives, and no longer". Since the writs for the 2005 election were returned on 6 October 2005, the ensuing 48th New Zealand Parliament expired on 6 October 2008, making 15 November the final possible date for the 2008 general election.

On Friday 12 September 2008, Prime Minister Helen Clark announced that the general election would take place on 8 November 2008. This set the full election timetable as:

• Dissolution of parliament – Friday, 3 October 2008.
• Writ day – Wednesday, 8 October.
• Nominations day – Tuesday, 14 October.
• Election day – Saturday, 8 November.
• Official results declared and writs returned by Saturday, 22 November.
• The 49th Parliament must convene no later than Saturday 3 January 2009.

Political parties

See also: Party lists in the 2008 New Zealand general election

Contesting parties

Nineteen registered political parties contested the party vote:

	party	leader(s)	elections contested by party	seats won in 2005	seats won in 2008
parties that won seats at the 2005 general election
	ACT	Rodney Hide	1996–	2	5
	Green Party	Jeanette Fitzsimons & Russel Norman	1990; 1999–	6	9
	Labour Party	Helen Clark	1919–	50	43
	Māori Party	Tariana Turia & Pita Sharples	2005–	4	5
	National Party	John Key	1938–	48	58
	New Zealand First	Winston Peters	1993–	7	0
	Progressive Party	Jim Anderton	2002–	1	1
	United Future	Peter Dunne	1996–	3	1
parties that did not win seats at the 2005 election
	Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party	Michael Appleby	1996–	0	0
	Alliance	Andrew McKenzie & Kay Murray	1993–	0	0
	Democrats for Social Credit	Stephnie de Ruyter	1954–1990 (As Social Credit until 1985); 2005–	0	0
	Libertarianz	Bernard Darnton	1996–	0	0
	The Republic of New Zealand Party	Kerry Bevin	2005–	0	0
parties that have not previously contested a general election in New Zealand
	Bill and Ben	Jamie Linehan & Ben Boyce	2008	–	0
	The Family Party	Richard Lewis	2008	–	0
	Kiwi Party	Larry Baldock	2008	–	0
	New Zealand Pacific Party	Taito Phillip Field	2008	–	0
	Residents Action Movement	Oliver Woods	2008	–	0
	Workers Party	Daphna Whitmore	2008	–	0

Non-contesting parties

The following parties either disappeared during the previous parliament's term (2005 to 2008), or did not contest the 2008 elections for other reasons.

	party	leader(s)	elections contested by party
registered political parties that did not submit a list
	Direct Democracy	Kelvyn Alp	2005–
	New World Order Party	Nathan Couper	–
parties dissolved or deregistered since 2005 election
	99 MP Party	Margaret Robertson	2005
	Christian Heritage	Ewen McQueen	1990–2005
	Destiny New Zealand	Richard Lewis	2005
	New Zealand Family Rights Protection Party	Susi Pa'o Williams	2005
	OneNZ	Alan McCulloch	1999–2005

Retiring MPs

In the months preceding the election 13 Members of Parliament announced that they would not seek re-election to the House of Representatives in 2008, namely:

• from Labour, 9 members:
  1. Tim Barnett (Christchurch Central)
  2. David Benson-Pope (Dunedin South)
  3. Mark Gosche (Maungakiekie)
  4. Marian Hobbs (Wellington Central)
  5. Steve Maharey (Palmerston North)
  6. Jill Pettis (list MP)
  7. Dover Samuels (list MP)
  8. Paul Swain (Rimutaka)
  9. Margaret Wilson (list MP)
• from National, 4 members:
  1. Mark Blumsky (list MP)
  2. Bob Clarkson (Tauranga)
  3. Katherine Rich (list MP)
  4. Clem Simich (list MP)

Several list MPs elected in 2005 resigned before the end of the term; for a full list, see 48th New Zealand Parliament#Changes during term.

MPs who lost their seats

New Zealand First

New Zealand First received 4.07% of the party vote – below the threshold of 5% – and failed to win an electorate seat. The party's seven MPs lost their seats:

• Winston Peters Leader, and second in Tauranga by 11,742 votes
• Peter Brown 2nd on List and Deputy Leader
• Ron Mark (list MP; 3rd in Rimutaka)
• Doug Woolerton (list MP)
• Barbara Stewart (list MP)
• Pita Paraone (list MP)
• Dail Jones (list MP at number 14)

United Future Party

• Judy Turner (list MP)

Labour Party

• Damien O'Connor (MP for West Coast-Tasman)
• Dave Hereora (list MP)
• Harry Duynhoven (MP for New Plymouth)
• Judith Tizard (MP for Auckland Central)
• Lesley Soper (list MP)
• Louisa Wall (list MP)
• Mahara Okeroa (MP for Te Tai Tonga)
• Mark Burton (MP for Taupo)
• Martin Gallagher MP for Hamilton West)
• Russell Fairbrother (list MP; MP for Napier from 2002 to 2005)

Independents

• Gordon Copeland (list MP)
• Taito Phillip Field (MP for Mangere)

Voter enrolment and turnout

The rolls listed almost 3 million people registered to vote in the election, a record number representing 95.3% of the estimated eligible voting population. In contrast, voter turnout of 79.5% of enrolled voters came in lower than in most previous elections, the second-lowest since 1978 (when a large number of outdated and duplicate enrolments deflated the figure) and third-lowest since 1902.

Turnout statistics reflect the percentage of those enrolled to vote.

Political scientist Stephen Levine from Victoria University speculated that the low turnout may have resulted from the National Party's large lead over Labour in opinion polls running up to the election. Māori Party co-leader Pita Sharples expressed concern that only 55% of those on the Maori roll had voted.

Issues

Electoral Finance Act

See also: Electoral Finance Act and 2005 New Zealand election funding controversy

The Electoral Finance Act 2007 passed by the Labour government had a "chilling effect" on political activity in 2008, according to the Electoral Commission. Some parties attempted to make this an election issue.

Economic conditions

On 5 August 2008, the Treasury announced that the New Zealand economy had entered a recession. Economic downturn has led to high-profile job losses, such as the closure of factories in Foxton, in west Dunedin and in southern Hawke's Bay. At the same time, inflation hit an eighteen-year high, with an upwards tug on the prices of basics such as food and petrol, the latter crossing the two-dollar-per-litre mark in late May.

At the Labour Party's campaign launch on 12 October 2008, Helen Clark became the latest world leader to guarantee bank deposits, unveiling a plan worth $150 billion whereby all retail deposits would be unconditionally covered. The plan would be voluntary to join; within two days, reports appeared stating that all of New Zealand's major trading banks had signed up. Also signed up to the plan was the National Party, with deputy leader and finance spokesperson Bill English saying that there was "still time to change the...scheme if banks find it hard to borrow overseas".

Taxation

On 6 October, two days before the National Party's scheduled release of details of the tax-cut plan it had over and above the governing coalition's three-stage series of tax cuts revealed in the 2008 Budget, the Government disclosed its full fiscal situation; it showed that it expected to take $3.1 billion less tax in 2009, forcing the government to borrow $5.9 billion in 2009, rising to $7.3 billion by 2013. This implied higher costs for KiwiSaver, Working For Families and the 20 hours subsidised early-childhood plan; and higher numbers of people forced onto benefits by any prospective economic downturn. Over the next fiscal year, Cullen expected GDP to rise by just 0.1%, with median house prices dropping by an estimated 10–15%.

John Key responded to the news by describing the numbers as "a bit worse than we had anticipated", and stated "I'm confident we can deliver a programme of tax cuts." The same day Helen Clark reiterated her opinion on tax cuts beyond the government's proposal, saying "now is not the time to go out and recklessly borrow to offer tax cuts", an opinion she had first voiced in early August when the National Party used its annual conference to promise to speed up the implementation of the tax cuts, and to borrow several billion dollars to fund infrastructure projects such as a $1.5 billion broadband plan and a new prison in its first term. On 9 October, National released its policy, promising people on the average wage or higher around $47 a week extra in the hand, funded through a combination of cutting contributions to KiwiSaver, eliminating a tax credit for science and development, and changing Working For Families entitlements.

Trust

On calling the 2008 election, Prime Minister Helen Clark declared that it would be "about trust", labelling the National Party's recent commitments to preserve Labour Party programmes such as KiwiSaver and Kiwibank as "insincere".

Members of the Labour Party accused John Key of lying about his shareholding in Tranz Rail, by not disclosing nearly half of the shares he and his family trusts owned in the company, even though this presented a clear conflict of interest with Key's role as his party's spokesperson on transport, at a time when he asked several questions in the House about the government's plans regarding rail infrastructure.

New Zealand First leader Winston Peters faced an attack on his party's credibility, first over allegations that his party did not declare a $100,000 donation from millionaire ex-patriate property developer Owen Glenn to cover Winston Peters' legal costs in a challenge to the result in the seat of Tauranga. This was referred to a House of Representatives Privileges Committee. On 22 September, the committee determined that Peters had "provided misleading information" and recommended he be censured; this was done by the House of Representatives in a 62–56 vote two days later. The second allegation revolved around the party's failure to declare the use of a secret trust to funnel large donations into New Zealand First's bank account, even though no donations over $10,000 to New Zealand First has been declared, as the law requires. This case was referred to the Serious Fraud Office for further investigation; on 11 October, New Zealand First was cleared of charges that Peters called a "waste of time" and on 24 October, New Zealand First was cleared of wrongdoing by the Electoral Commission, which was investigating donations that the party failed to declare.

Electorates

Boundary changes

The Representation Commission altered many of the boundaries of New Zealand's parliamentary electorates following the 2006 census; the large growth in population between censuses lead to significant boundary changes, particularly in Auckland, the area around Christchurch and the central North Island. In May 2007, the Representation Commission announced the boundary changes to take effect for the next general election, with the boundaries finalised in September 2007.

The Commission announced the formation of a new electorate in Greater Auckland, bringing the number of geographical constituencies to 70. The new seat, originally dubbed "Howick" (after the Auckland suburb), would have included parts of the existing Pakuranga, Manukau East and Clevedon electorates. After Pakuranga electors made strong objections to the proposed changes (which would have seen the inclusion of the population centres Panmure, Point England and Glen Innes into the electorate) the Commission largely reverted proposed changes to the boundaries of the Pakuranga electorate. The Commission opted to alleviate population pressures by moving the Auckland City suburb of Ōtāhuhu into Manukau East. The revised new seat received the name "Botany" to reflect its focus on the growing population-centres of Botany Downs–Dannemora. On paper, Botany counts as a safe National seat.

Even though the number of South Island electorates remains fixed, the decline in the population of electorates south of Christchurch has resulted in the boundaries of electorates from Invercargill north to Rakaia shifting northwards. The seats of Aoraki, Otago, Rakaia and Banks Peninsula all gravitated towards Christchurch. In the process:

• Aoraki received the new name of Rangitata
• Otago received the new name of Waitaki
• Rakaia received the new name of Selwyn
• Banks Peninsula received the new name of Port Hills

Other seats in the lower South Island increased dramatically in size.

Situation after 2005

In 2005 four MPs won seats with majorities of under a thousand: Labour's Darren Hughes beat National candidate Nathan Guy in Ōtaki by 382 votes (1.00%), and in Hamilton West, Martin Gallagher of the Labour Party won an 825-vote majority (2.46%) over National's Tim Macindoe. Both these seats saw a rematch in 2008, with the National Party candidates emerging victorious in each.

The swing to National in the central North Island saw two Bay of Plenty seats produce close results: in Rotorua, the sitting Labour MP Steve Chadwick prevailed by just 662 votes (2.17%) over National's Gil Stehbens, and in Tauranga, property developer Bob Clarkson defeated New Zealand First's leader and seven-term MP for Tauranga Winston Peters by 730 votes (2.02%). Rotorua fell to National's Todd McClay in 2008, while Simon Bridges held Tauranga for National by a wide margin, preventing Peters from returning to Parliament.

Besides the three Labour-held narrow-margin seats mentioned above (Otaki, Hamilton West and Rotorua), National had prospects of gaining Taupō, where boundary changes have added the National-leaning town of Cambridge and with it nearly 20,000 different voters – putting sitting MP Mark Burton's 2005 majority of just 1,285 votes (4.43%) at risk. Similarly, the seat of West Coast-Tasman gave Labour's Damien O'Connor a majority of 2,154 (6.77%). National reversed all of these majorities in 2008 and captured all three seats.

Part of National's core vote comes from provincial centres. In 1990, when Labour lost power, it lost every seat between the southern fringe of the Auckland urban area and Porirua except Napier and Palmerston North; in 2005, National again won several provincial seats off Labour:

1. East Coast
2. Tukituki
3. Napier
4. Whanganui
5. Hamilton East
6. Otago
7. Aoraki

National also won Tauranga off New Zealand First leader Winston Peters in 2005 and the lion's share of the ACT and United parties' core votes (and in the process gained Northcote off Labour).

The newly-drawn seat of Botany on Auckland's eastern fringe presented an electoral problem for the Labour Party – on 4 July 2008 a crowd of mostly Asian marchers numbered in the thousands protested against Labour's record on crime and sentencing and a perceived upswing in anti-Asian crime. Because of the large Asian population in the new seat, such trends may have given National candidate and victor Pansy Wong a possible advantage. Boundary changes have also shaken up the electoral landscape of the South Island. Three new seats – Selwyn, Waitaki and Rangitata, drawn respectively out of Aoraki, Otago and Rakaia, three National-held seats in 2005, damaged Labour's chances outside of Christchurch and Dunedin.

On Labour's other flank, the three Māori electorates that it held last time against a strong Māori Party challenge were in danger of falling as they did in 1996 when New Zealand First broke Labour's sixty-year stranglehold. Nanaia Mahuta again faced Angeline Greensill for the new Hauraki-Waikato seat, and narrowly held it. Māori Affairs Minister Parekura Horomia also held on by a small margin against veteran broadcaster Derek Fox in Ikaroa-Rāwhiti. Incumbent Mahara Okeroa, however, was defeated by Rahui Katene in Te Tai Tonga, giving the Māori Party an additional seat.

The seats of Tauranga and Epsom provided particular resonances: Winston Peters failed to retake the marginal Tauranga (and Ron Mark failed to win the Rimutaka seat), meaning New Zealand First's chances of returning to the House depended on winning 5% of the party vote, which they did not accomplish. Similarly, the electoral fortunes of the ACT Party depended very largely on Rodney Hide retaining Epsom, which he did.

Amongst other parties very aware of the 5% barrier, United Future appeared more secure in the light of Peter Dunne's grip on Ōhariu, which he maintained, though by a narrower margin than previously; and the Progressive Party retained a very strong hold via Jim Anderton's "safe seat" of Wigram.

The Greens never appeared in danger of slipping below the 5% threshold, although lacking an obvious winnable electorate seat (co-leader Jeanette Fitzsimons had won Coromandel in 1999, but the electorate returned to National in 2002).

Seats that changed hands

National won nine electorate seats from Labour:

• Auckland Central: Nikki Kaye defeated sitting Labour MP Judith Tizard, the first time National has won this seat.
• Hamilton West: won by Tim Macindoe who ousted sitting Labour MP Martin Gallagher, a reversal of the 2005 election when Gallagher narrowly defeated Macindoe.
• Maungakiekie: Sam Lotu-Iiga achieved a majority of 1,876 over Carol Beaumont after incumbent Mark Gosche retired. Beaumont entered Parliament as a Labour list member.
• New Plymouth: the most marginal electorate, where Jonathan Young won by 314 votes to oust Harry Duynhoven.
• Otaki: the most marginal 2005 seat fell to Nathan Guy, who defeated incumbent Minister Darren Hughes by 1,422 votes. Hughes remained in Parliament through the Labour list.
• Rotorua: fell to Todd McClay who defeated sitting Minister Steve Chadwick by 4,855 votes. Chadwick returned to Parliament through the party list.
• Taupo: won by Louise Upston, who defeated Mark Burton by nearly 6,000 votes, to reverse a 1,198 majority in 2005.
• Waitakere: Paula Bennett defeated Lynne Pillay by just over 600 votes, Pillay returned to Parliament as a List MP. This Waitakere seat differs from that previously held by National's Brian Neeson.
• West Coast-Tasman: Chris Auchinvole defeated Cabinet Minister Damien O'Connor.

The Māori Party also won a seat from Labour.

• Te Tai Tonga: Rahui Katene won the seat from Mahara Okeroa.

New seats won by incumbent MPs

• National's Pansy Wong became the first Member for the new Botany seat. She had become the first Asian list MP in 1996, and in 2008 became the first Asian electorate MP.
• National's Paul Hutchison, sitting MP for Port Waikato, returned to Parliament as Member for Hunua which covers most of his former electorate and parts of the former Clevedon electorate.
• United Future's Peter Dunne, sitting MP for Ohariu-Belmont, returned to Parliament as the new Member for Ōhariu.
• National's Judith Collins, sitting MP for Clevedon, returned to Parliament as the new Member for Papakura.
• Labour's Ruth Dyson, sitting MP for Banks Peninsula, returned to Parliament as the new Member for Port Hills.
• National's Jo Goodhew, sitting MP for Aoraki, returned to Parliament as the new Member for Rangitata.
• National's Lindsay Tisch, sitting MP for Piako, returned to Parliament as the new Member for Waikato, covering most of Piako and rural areas north of Hamilton West.
• National's Jacqui Dean, sitting MP for Otago, returned to Parliament as the new Member for Waitaki which takes in most of Dean's former Otago electorate, and Queenstown and Arrowtown.
• Labour's Nanaia Mahuta, sitting MP for the Maori electorate of Tainui, returned to Parliament as the new Member for Hauraki-Waikato.

New MPs in vacated seats

A number of seats elected new MPs following the retirement of their sitting Members:

• Brendon Burns held for Labour Christchurch Central by just over 800 votes, previously held by retiring MP Tim Barnett.
• Clare Curran held for Labour Dunedin South vacated by David Benson-Pope who did not achieve party reselection.
• William Sio held for Labour the seat of Mangere, defeating Taito Phillip Field. Field won the seat in the 2005 general election, but left the party after being indicted on fraud charges and contested this election as leader of New Zealand Pacific Party.
• Iain Lees-Galloway held for Labour the seat of Palmerston North following the retirement of sitting MP Steve Maharey.
• Chris Hipkins held for Labour the seat of Rimutaka following the retirement of sitting MP Paul Swain.
• Amy Adams won for National the new seat of Selwyn, taking in part of the former Rakaia electorate. Sitting Rakaia MP Brian Connell retired from politics.
• Simon Bridges held for National the seat of Tauranga following the retirement of sitting MP Bob Clarkson.
• Grant Robertson held for Labour the seat of Wellington Central following the retirement of sitting MP Marian Hobbs.

Opinion polling

Poll results for all political parties that exceeded the 5% mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation threshold between the 2005 and 2008 elections.

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2008 New Zealand general election

Having come first in the party vote at the 2005 election by just two percentage points, Labour held a slender lead in aggregate polling through the first half of 2006; a two-point lead in the first half of the year turned into a two-point deficit by May. Polling for a preferred Prime Minister showed Helen Clark nearly twice as popular as then National Party leader Don Brash.

Things changed in early 2007, with new National leader John Key improving on Brash's preferred Prime Minister rating by ten points, and overtaking Clark as preferred Prime Minister in May; at the same time National jumped out to a sizeable lead over Labour ranging from between eight and eighteen points, spending most of 2007 and 2008 with support from around fifty percent of the electorate. Labour's popularity slumped, hitting its lowest point in the winter of 2008, before beginning a slow climb into the high thirties in August and September.

Leading up to the election, polls indicated a range of possible outcomes on election day; some suggested Labour could form a coalition government, while others predicted National in control. Of the "minor" parties, only the Green Party consistently polled over the five-percent threshold, and United Future and the Progressive Party frequently failed to register a mention. Both ACT's and the Māori Party's popularity since 2005 remained steady at around two percent, while New Zealand First failed to poll over the threshold after December 2006. The polls gave varied results for preferred Prime Minister, with some giving Clark a slight lead, and others giving Key a sturdy margin.

Coalition preferences during the campaign

The coalition preferences of various parties played a role during the campaign, due to the likelihood that no party would get an absolute majority of seats in the House. ACT emerged as the first "minor" party to announce that it would support a prospective National-led government. United Future also announced that it would side with National in late October, after supporting the Labour government for six years.

The Progressive Party, led by Jim Anderton, had served as a steady coalition partner to Labour and the electorate probably expected it to remain so. The Green Party, which abstained from opposing the Labour-led government in supply and confidence votes through the life of the 48th Parliament (2005 to 2008), said on 20 October that the only party of the two main parties it could form a coalition with was Labour. In the light of New Zealand First's run-in with the Serious Fraud Office, John Key ruled out that party as a government support partner on 31 August 2008, saying "the sheer weight of allegations and the actions of Mr Peters in the last few months means that I have lost that confidence in him". At that time, Peters' future seemed under a cloud; after his party being cleared of charges of serious fraud, National restated its position, saying that the result of the case has not altered it.

Based on polls commissioned by the Māori news show Marae, the Māori Party appeared likely to win most of the Māori electorates and stood a chance of holding the balance of power. The party's MP for Te Tai Tokerau, Hone Harawira, stated at the end of September that the party could work with both Labour and National. On 28 September, National announced a commitment to abolish the Māori electorates in time for the 2014 election. The Māori Party has benefited greatly from the Māori electorates, and its co-leader Tariana Turia was unimpressed: "They think again that they can deny us the right to participate. If they want a relationship with the Māori Party then very clearly they're starting off on the wrong foot". Marae polls released on 12 October showed 62 percent of voters polled in the two northernmost Māori electorates were resistant to the idea of a National–Māori government; co-leader Pita Sharples responded to the poll results by saying his party would be "stupid" to ignore the poll figures.

Candidates

See:

• Candidates in the 2008 New Zealand general election by electorate
• Party lists in the 2008 New Zealand general election

Results

The Labour government failed to secure a fourth consecutive term, after the National Party entered into support agreements with the ACT, United Future and Māori parties, resulting in a National minority government.

The Chief Electoral Officer released the official results on 22 November 2008.

Parliamentary parties

Summary of the 8 November 2008 election for the House of Representatives

Party		Party vote			Electorate vote			Seats
		Votes	%	Change (pp)	Votes	%	Change (pp)	List	Electorate	Total	/-
	National	1,053,398	44.93	5.83	1,072,024	46.60	6.22	17	41	58	10
	Labour	796,880	33.99	7.11	810,238	35.22	5.13	22	21	43	7
	Green	157,613	6.72	1.42	129,584	5.63	1.51	9	0	9	3
	ACT	85,496	3.65	2.14	68,852	2.99	1.02	4	1	5	3
	Māori Party	55,980	2.39	0.27	76,836	3.34	0.02	0	5	5	1
	Progressive	21,241	0.91	0.25	25,981	1.13	0.51	0	1	1
	United Future	20,497	0.87	1.80	25,955	1.13	1.71	0	1	1	2
	NZ First	95,356	4.07	1.65	38,813	1.69	1.80	0	0	0	7
	Bill and Ben	13,016	0.56	new	—	—	—	0	0	0	new
	Kiwi	12,755	0.54	new	15,528	0.68	new	0	0	0	new
	Legalise Cannabis	9,515	0.41	0.16	3,884	0.17	0.05		0	0
	Pacific	8,640	0.37	new	9,714	0.42	new	0	0	0	new
	Family Party	8,176	0.35	new	9,214	0.40	new	0	0	0	new
	Alliance	1,909	0.08	0.01	1,885	0.08	0.01	0	0	0
	Democrats	1,208	0.05		1,758	0.08	0.05	0	0	0
	Libertarianz	1,176	0.05	0.01	1,739	0.08	0.05	0	0	0
	Workers Party	932	0.04	new	480	0.02	new	0	0	0	new
	RAM	465	0.02	new	1,213	0.05	new		0	0	new
	RONZ	313	0.01	new	192	0.01	new		0	0	new
	Unregistered parties	—	—	—	1,363	0.06	0.01		0	0
	Independent	—	—	—	5,013	0.53	0.31	0	–	0
Valid votes		2,344,566	98.66	0.11	2,300,266	96.79	0.2
Informal vote		11,970	0.50	0.04	25,332	1.07	0.01
Disallowed votes		19,944	0.84	0.07	50,882	2.14	0.26
Below electoral threshold		153,461	6.46		—	—	—
Total		2,376,480	100		2,376,480	100		52	70	122	1
Eligible voters and Turnout		2,990,759	79.46	1.46	2,990,759	79.46	1.46

Party vote percentage

  National (44.93%)

  Labour (33.99%)

  Green (6.72%)

  NZ First (4.07%)

  ACT (3.65%)

  Māori (2.39%)

  New Zealand Progressive Party (0.91%)

  United Future New Zealand (0.87%)

  Other (2.47%)

Votes summary

Constituency Vote National   46.60% Labour   35.22% Green   5.63% Māori   3.34% ACT   2.99% NZ First   1.69% United Future   1.13% Progressive   1.13% Others   2.27%

Party Vote National   44.93% Labour   33.99% Green   6.72% NZ First   4.07% ACT   3.65% Māori   2.39% Progressive   0.91% United Future   0.87% Others   2.48%

Parliament seats National   47.54% Labour   35.24% Green   7.38% ACT   4.10% Māori   4.10% Progressive   0.82% United Future   0.82%

Electorate results

Party affiliation of the winning electorate candidates.

While the National Party has dominated rural seats since 1938, it achieved a clean sweep this year. The 19 general electorates which Labour retained all have a predominantly urban character, excluding Waimakariri, a predominantly urban area but with a significant rural population, resulting in a Labour MP narrowly elected but National winning the party vote commandingly. Palmerston North remains the only provincial city with a Labour MP. The two seats of Hamilton (considered bellwether seats as their demographic profile closely resembles that of the country as a whole) both went to National.

The table below shows the results of the 2008 general election:

Key:

National	Labour	NZ First
ACT	United Future	Māori Party

Electorate results of the 2008 New Zealand general election

Electorate	Incumbent		Winner		Majority	Runner up
Auckland Central		Judith Tizard		Nikki Kaye	1,497		Judith Tizard
Bay of Plenty		Tony Ryall			17,604		Carol Devoy-Heena
Botany	New electorate			Pansy Wong	10,872		Koro Tawa
Christchurch Central		Tim Barnett		Brendon Burns	935		Nicky Wagner†
Christchurch East		Lianne Dalziel			5,765		Aaron Gilmore†
Clutha-Southland		Bill English			15,475		Don Pryde
Coromandel		Sandra Goudie			14,560		Hugh Kininmonth
Dunedin North		Pete Hodgson			7,155		Michael Woodhouse†
Dunedin South		David Benson-Pope		Clare Curran	6,449		Conway Powell
East Coast		Anne Tolley			6,413		Moana Mackey†
East Coast Bays		Murray McCully			13,974		Vivienne Goldsmith
Epsom		Rodney Hide			12,882		Richard Worth†
Hamilton East		David Bennett			8,820		Sue Moroney†
Hamilton West		Martin Gallagher		Tim Macindoe	1,618		Martin Gallagher
Helensville		John Key			20,547		Darien Fenton†
Hunua		Paul Hutchison			15,858		Jordan Carter
Hutt South		Trevor Mallard			4,086		Paul Quinn†
Ilam		Gerry Brownlee			11,893		Sam Yau
Invercargill		Eric Roy			6,664		Lesley Soper
Kaikoura		Colin King			11,077		Brian McNamara
Mana		Winnie Laban			6,155		Hekia Parata†
Māngere		Taito Phillip Field		William Sio	7,126		Taito Phillip Field (Pacific)
Manukau East		Ross Robertson			12,445		Kanwal Singh Bakshi†
Manurewa		George Hawkins			6,726		Cam Calder
Maungakiekie		Mark Gosche		Sam Lotu-Iiga	1,942		Carol Beaumont†
Mount Albert		Helen Clark			10,351		Ravi Masuku
Mount Roskill		Phil Goff			6,418		Jackie Blue†
Napier		Chris Tremain			9,018		Russell Fairbrother
Nelson		Nick Smith			8,471		Maryan Street†
New Lynn		David Cunliffe			4,025		Tim Groser†
New Plymouth		Harry Duynhoven		Jonathan Young	105		Harry Duynhoven
North Shore		Wayne Mapp			14,574		Phil Twyford†
Northcote		Jonathan Coleman			9,360		Hamish McCracken
Northland		John Carter			10,054		Shane Jones†
Ōhariu		Peter Dunne			1,006		Charles Chauvel†
Ōtaki		Darren Hughes		Nathan Guy	1,354		Darren Hughes†
Pakuranga		Maurice Williamson			13,906		Brian Kelly
Palmerston North		Steve Maharey		Iain Lees-Galloway	1,117		Malcolm Plimmer
Papakura	New electorate			Judith Collins	10,277		Dave Hereora
Port Hills	New electorate			Ruth Dyson	3,452		Terry Heffernan
Rangitata	New electorate			Jo Goodhew	8,112		Julian Blanchard
Rangitīkei		Simon Power			12,042		Jills Burney
Rimutaka		Paul Swain		Chris Hipkins	753		Richard Whiteside
Rodney		Lockwood Smith			15,635		Conor Roberts
Rongotai		Annette King			9,020		Chris Finlayson†
Rotorua		Steve Chadwick		Todd McClay	5,065		Steve Chadwick†
Selwyn	New electorate			Amy Adams	11,075		David Coates
Tāmaki		Allan Peachey			17,020		Josephine Bartley
Taranaki-King Country		Shane Ardern			15,618		Renée van de Weert
Taupō		Mark Burton		Louise Upston	6,445		Mark Burton
Tauranga		Bob Clarkson		Simon Bridges	11,742		Winston Peters
Te Atatū		Chris Carter			5,298		Tau Henare†
Tukituki		Craig Foss			7,811		Rick Barker†
Waikato		Lindsay Tisch			12,850		Jacinda Ardern†
Waimakariri		Clayton Cosgrove			390		Kate Wilkinson†
Wairarapa		John Hayes			6,758		Denise MacKenzie
Waitakere		Lynne Pillay		Paula Bennett	632		Lynne Pillay†
Waitaki	New electorate			Jacqui Dean	11,039		David Parker†
Wellington Central		Marian Hobbs		Grant Robertson	1,904		Stephen Franks
West Coast-Tasman		Damien O'Connor		Chris Auchinvole	971		Damien O'Connor
Whanganui		Chester Borrows			6,333		Hamish McDouall
Whangarei		Phil Heatley			14,663		Paul Chalmers
Wigram		Jim Anderton			4,767		Marc Alexander
Māori Electorates
Hauraki-Waikato	New electorate			Nanaia Mahuta	888		Angeline Greensill
Ikaroa-Rāwhiti		Parekura Horomia			1,645		Derek Fox
Tāmaki Makaurau		Pita Sharples			7,540		Louisa Wall
Te Tai Hauāuru		Tariana Turia			7,817		Errol Mason
Te Tai Tokerau		Hone Harawira			6,308		Kelvin Davis†
Te Tai Tonga		Mahara Okeroa		Rahui Katene	1,049		Mahara Okeroa
Waiariki		Te Ururoa Flavell			6,812		Mita Ririnui†

• ^† These people entered Parliament at the election as list MPs

List results

See also: Party lists in the 2008 New Zealand general election

Highest polling party in each electorate.

National	Labour	Green	ACT
David Carter (09) Chris Finlayson (14) Tim Groser (15) Steven Joyce (16) Georgina te Heuheu (17) Richard Worth (25)1 Tau Henare (26) Kate Wilkinson (30) Hekia Parata (36) Melissa Lee (37) Kanwaljit Singh Bakshi (38) Nicky Wagner (43) Jackie Blue (45) Katrina Shanks (46) Paul Quinn (48) Michael Woodhouse (49) Aaron Gilmore (56)	Michael Cullen (02)1 Maryan Street (09) Rajen Prasad (12) Shane Jones (16) David Parker (17) Darren Hughes (19)1 Jacinda Ardern (20) Raymond Huo (21) Sue Moroney (22) Mita Ririnui (23) Moana Mackey (25) Phil Twyford (26) Charles Chauvel (27) Carol Beaumont (28) Kelvin Davis (29) Steve Chadwick (30) Ashraf Choudhary (31) Lynne Pillay (32) Darien Fenton (33) Rick Barker (34) Carmel Sepuloni (35) Stuart Nash (36)	Jeanette Fitzsimons (01)1 Russel Norman (02) Sue Bradford (03)1 Metiria Turei (04) Sue Kedgley (05) Keith Locke (06) Kevin Hague (07) Catherine Delahunty (08) Kennedy Graham (09)	Heather Roy (02) Roger Douglas (03) John Boscawen (04) David Garrett (05)1

Unsuccessful list candidates

	National	Cam Calder2, Conway Powell, Stephen Franks, Marc Alexander, Mita Harris, Terry Heffernan, Ravi Musuku, Richard Whiteside, Paul O'Brien, Youngshin Watkins, Hamuera Mitchell, Viv Gurrey, Dugald McLean, Simon O'Connor
	Labour	Damien O'Connor2, Judith Tizard, Mark Burton, Mahara Okeroa, Martin Gallagher, Dave Hereora, Louisa Wall2, Lesley Soper, Hamish McCracken, Erin Ebborn-Gillespie, Errol Mason, Chris Yoo, Josephine Bartley, Don Pryde, Michael Wood, Farida Sultana, Denise MacKenzie, Julian Blanchard, Hamish McDouall, Anjum Rahman, Susan Zhu, Kate Sutton, Conor Roberts, Koro Tawa, Jills Angus-Burney Rangitikei, Vivienne Goldsmith, Eamon Daly, Brian Kelly, Jordan Carter, Tracey Dorreen, Renee van de Weert, Anne Pankhurst, David Coates, Hugh Kinnimonth, Carol Devoy-Heena, Raj Thandi
	Green	David Clendon2, Gareth Hughes2, Steffan Browning, Mojo Mathers, Mike Ward, Quentin Duthie, Mikaere Curtis, Richard Leckinger, Jeanette Elley, Virginia Horrocks, Donna Wynd, David Hay, Dianne Mellor, James Redwood, Lisa Er, Jan McLauchlan, Lizzie Gillett, Rayna Fahey, Craig Carson, Richard Tindall, Paul Doherty, Michael Woodcok, Pieter Watson, Bevan Tipene, Peter Taylor, Karen Summerhays, Mua Strickson-Pua, Gary Stewart, Dale Stevens, Brett Stansfield, James Shaw, Raewyn Saville, Denise Roche, Rebecca Redwood, Linda Persson, Rawiri Paratene, Lawrence O'Halloran, John Milnes, Alan Liefting, Martin Leiding, Dora Langsbury, Fiona Kenworthy, Jim Kebbell, Alan Johnson, Wendy Harper, Rob Hamill, Rachel Grimwood, Tim Gow, Xavier Goldie, Michael Gilchrist, Ryan Garland, Shane Gallagher, Zachary Dorner, Kath Dewar, Peter Cooper, Joseph Burston, Oliver Briggs
	NZ First	Winston Peters, Peter Brown, Ron Mark, Doug Woolerton, Barbara Stewart, Pita Paraone, Le-Aufa'amulia Asenati Lole-Taylor, Edwin Perry, Steven Campbell, Brendan Horan, Melanie Mark-Shadbolt, David Scott, Tracey Martin, Dail Jones, Brent Catchpole, Helen Mulford-Tyler, Craig McNair, Joseph Gregory, Douglas Nabbs, John Hall, Graham Odering, Linda King
	ACT	Hilary Calvert2, Peter Tashkoff, John Ormond, Colin du Plessis, Shawn Tan, Ron Scott, Aaron Keown, Nick Kearney, Lyn Murphy, David Olsen, Frances Denz, Dave Moore, Mike Bridge, Lech Beltowski, Beryl Good, Ashok Kumar, Dave Tattersfield, William Wong, John Thompson, Kevin Campbell, Mark Davies, Michael Bailey, Carl Freimann, Chris Albers, Vince Ashworth, Shane Atkinson, Ray Bassett, Hardev Brar, Mike Collins, Alan Davidson, Andrew Falloon, John Fraser
	Māori Party	Angeline Greensill, Derek Fox, Naida Glavish, Iritana Tāwhiwhirangi, Hector Matthews, Te Orohi Paul, Amokura Panoho, Grant Hawke, Bronwyn Yates, Josie Peita, Richard Orzecki, Mereana Pitman, Te Awanuiarangi Black, Georgina Haremate-Crawford
	Progressive	Matt Robson, Josie Pagani, Paula Gillon, Philip Clearwater, Vivienne Shepherd, Trevor Barnard, Brenda Hill, Craig Hutchinson, Justin Robson, Ngov Ly, Sukerna Amirapu, Somnath Sarkar Bagchi, Sukhdev Singh Bains, Sokunthea Cheam, Seyed Kazemi Yazdi, Debbie Lucas, Claire Main, Philippa Main, John Maurice, Jacqueline McAlpine, Elizabeth Patchett, Talatala Po'e, Pavitra Roy, Elspeth Sandys, David Somerset, Ralph Taylor
	United Future New Zealand	Judy Turner, Denise Krum, Graeme Reeves, Aaron Solomon, Murray Smith, Neville Wilson, Francis Owen, Janet Tuck, Karuna Muthu, Robin Loomes, Gregory Graydon, Damian Light, Vanessa Roberts, Aaron Galey-Young, Ian McInnes, Kelleigh Sheffield-Cranstoun, Brian Ward, Vaughan Smith, James Stowers, Bryan Mockridge, Arthur Solomon, Jennifer Hurn, Manogi Head, Diane Brown, Quentin Todd, Rochelle White, John Langford, Philip Johnson, Kenneth Smith
	Bill and Ben	Jamie Linehan (Bill), Benjamin Boyce (Ben)
	Kiwi	Larry Baldock, Gordon Copeland, Simon Kan, Frank Naea, Simonne Dyer, Bernie Ogilvy, Anthony Christiansen, Antony Buntin, Vapnierka Kupenga, Leighton Baker, Camilia Chin, Kevin Stitt, Robyn Jackson, Josephine van Kempen, Marjorie Mulholland, Joel Sison, Grace Haden, Joseph Rebello, Robin Westley, Rebekah Clement, Alistair Belcher, Amjad Khan, Lindsay Cameron, Philip Wescombe, Christian Dawson
	Legalise Cannabis	Michael Appleby, Michael Britnell, Paula Lambert, Kevin O'Connell, Julian Crawford, Irinka Britnell, Steven Wilkinson, Judy Daniels, Vincent McLeod, Daniel Bruce, Paul McMullan, Jeffrey Lye, Philip Pophristoff, Jason Baker-Sherman, Judith Matangi, Neville Yates, Elanor Stedman, Peter Green, Mark Bradford, Frederick MacDonald
	Pacific	Taito Phillip Field, Milo Siilata, Matapakia Ngaroi, Aiolupotea Roache, Darren Jones, Galumalemana Hunkin, Fia Turner-Tupou, Tevaga Leavasa, Vui Muliagatele Vitale, Maifea Tiumalumatua Fetu, Lupe Tofilau Eti-Vaofanua, Craig Jones, Fiasili Ah Tong, Timothy Manu
	Family Party	Richard Lewis, Paul Adams, Li Tao Xu, George Ngatai, Poutoa Papali'i, Samuel Dennis, Michael Kidd, Melanie Taylor, Karl Adams, Louise Cleary, Paul Tankard, Yih Woh Chong, Elias Kanaris, Jerry Filipaina
	Alliance	Kay Murray, Andrew McKenzie, Victor Billot, Paul Piesse, Richard Wallis, Sarah Campbell, Robert van Ruyssevelt, Jim Flynn, Sarita Divis, Amy Tubman, Richard Mitchell, Jack Yan, Thomas Dowie, Thomas O'Neill, Kelly Buchanan, Jennifer Olsen, Greg Kleis, Matthew Stephen, Marvin Hubbard, Norman MacRitchie, Sandra Ethell, Justin Wilson, Quentin Findlay, Valerie Quinn, Sarah Martin, Peta Knibb, Warren Brewer, Denis O'Connor, Eric Gamble, Samuel Murray
	Democrats	Stephnie de Ruyter, John Pemberton, David Wilson, Katherine Ransom, Carolyn McKenzie, David Tranter, Heather Smith, Hessel Van Wieren, Barry Pulford, Dawn McIntosh, Iain Parker, Nicholas McIlraith, Edgar Goodhue, John McCaskey, John Ring, Leslie Port, Bruce Stirling, Ross Weddell, Kelly Pemberton, David Espin, Ross Hayward, John Steemson, Karl Hewlett, Edward Fox, Malcolm Keoghan, John Kilbride, Harry Alchin-Smith, Alida Steemson, Roger White, Gary Gribben, Olive McRae
	Libertarianz	Bernard Darnton, Richard McGrath, Susan Ryder, Mitchell Lees, Colin Cross, Peter Cresswell, Peter Linton, Philip Howison, Nikolas Haden, Timothy Wikiriwhi, Michael Webber, Elahrairah Zamora, Helen Hughes, Michael Murphy, Peter Osborne, Sean Fitzpatrick, Scott Wilson, Luke Howison, Benjamin Morgan, Shane Pleasance, Robert Palmer, Shirley Riddle, Bruce Whitehead, Terence Verhoeven, Kenneth Riddle, Alfred Stevens, Euan McPetrie, Christopher Robertson, Peter Kermode, Lawrence Couper, Donald Rowberry, Willem Verhoeven, Mark Hubbard, Sean Kimpton, Julian Darby, Richard Goode
	Workers Party	Donald Franks, Daphna Whitmore, Nicholas Kelly, Paul Hopkinson, Byron Clark, Jasmine Freemantle, Rebecca Broad, Timothy Bowron, Jennifer Isle, Heleyni Pratley, Joel Cosgrove, Marika Pratley, Joshua Glue, Nicolas Scullin
	RAM	Oliver Woods, Grant Brookes, Roger Fowler, Elliott Blade, Michelle Ducat, Martin Kaipo, Cordelia Black, Stephen Cooper, Daphne Lawless, Grant Rogers, Donald Archer, Patrick O'Dea, Bronwen Beechey, Robyn Hughes, Benjamin Doherty, Rafe Copeland, Michael Lai, Curwen Rolinson, Peter Hughes, David Colyer, Kyle Webster, Samuel Richardson, Thomas Pearce, Leonard Parker, Jonathan Williams, Peter de Wall
	RONZ	Kerry Bevin, Jack Gielen, David Llewell, Brett Docherty, Justin Harnish, David Macartney

Notes

1. Party list members resigned during the parliamentary term.
2. Originally unsuccessful party list members declared elected to parliament when elected list MPs resigned.

See also

• Elections in New Zealand
• Electoral system of New Zealand
• 2008 in New Zealand

Further reading

• Vowles, Jack (2009). "The 2008 General Election in New Zealand". Electoral Studies. 28 (3): 507–510. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2009.04.001.
  • Lay summary in: Bryce Edwards (10 February 2009). "NZ 2008 election review: Jack Vowles". Liberation.
• Roberts, Nigel S.; Levine, Stephen, eds. (2010). Key to Victory: The New Zealand General Election of 2008. Wellington: Victoria University Press. ISBN 978-0-86473-613-0.

External links

• Official site for enrolments and for the Chief Electoral Office