1895 visit by Emperor Franz Joseph to Zagreb

On the initiative of Croatian ban Károly Khuen-Héderváry, in mid-October 1895 Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph visited Zagreb, at the time the capital of the Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia, in order to attend the opening of the Croatian National Theatre. A group of Croatian students used the visit to protest the rule of the Hungarian Khuen-Héderváry as Croatian ban. They were led by Stjepan Radić, who would later form the influential Croatian People's Peasant Party.

Painting by Vlaho Bukovac commemorating the visit

Events

The main triumphal arch, erected for the occasion, was decorated with a Hungarian flag, which was widely resented among the Croatian opposition.

The emperor arrived in Zagreb by train on October 14, 1895. Upon his arrival a group of students chanted "Slava Jelačiću" ("Glory to Jelačić"), in reference to the former Croatian ban Josip Jelačić who had risen up against the Hungarians in the Revolutions of 1848. That day the emperor attended the unveiling ceremonial completion of the Croatian National Theatre. Music by Ivan Zajc was subsequently performed inside the theatre.

The following day, the emperor attended an honorary dance at the Kolo building. On this day a group of students led by Stjepan Radić, then a 24-year-old student of the Faculty of Law, planned a burning of the Hungarian tricolour.

On October 16, the final day of the imperial visit, the students marched to Ban Jelačić Square where they chanted "Živio hrvatski kralj Franjo Josip I" ("Long live Croatian king Franz Joseph I"), "Slava Jelačiću" and "Abzug Magjari" ("Away with Hungarians"). They doused the Hungarian tricolour in brandy and set it on fire. They then marched towards the University of Zagreb. The city police soon informed ban Khuen-Héderváry of the act, and he ordered that the students be arrested. By the end of the following day, 24 were arrested, Radić among them.

Aftermath

The students were subsequently charged for the incident. Stjepan Radić was sentenced to six months in jail, Gjuro Balaško to five, and Milan Dorwald, Osman Hadžić, Vladimir Vidrić, Josip Šikutrić, Vladimir Frank and Ivo Frank to four months, while others (including Živko Bertić, and Gjuro Červar) were mostly sentenced to two months. The students were all barred from the University of Zagreb while Stjepan Radić was barred from all universities in the empire. This led him to continue his studies abroad in Paris. The other students went to the Charles University in Prague and the University of Vienna.

These students would form the basis of the Croatian Moderna, a cultural and political movement active at the turn of the century, characterized by anti-traditionalism, cosmopolitanism, and focus on artistic freedom. In 1897, the Prague group of students began publishing Hrvatska misao, while in 1898 the Vienna students began publishing Mladost.

The flag burning also resulted in a schism within the Croatian Party of Rights. Its leader Fran Folnegović distanced himself from the incident, and the dissenters, headed by Ante Starčević and Josip Frank, formed a splinter party, Croatian Pure Party of Rights.

See also

• Unveiling of the Gundulić monument

References

• Aralica, Tomislav (May 2003). "Svečana sablja sveučilišnih građana zagrebačkog sveučilišta iz 1895. godine" [Honorary saber of the university students of 1895]. Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). No. 95. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
• Marjanović, Stanislav (2002). "Europska književnost i umjetnost u časopisu Mladost" (PDF). Dani Hvarskoga kazališta (in Croatian). 28 (1): 247–257. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
• Racko, Ljerka (October 1990). "Spaljivanje mađarske zastave 1895. godine u Zagrebu" (PDF). Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest (in Croatian). 23 (1): 233–246. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
• Šicel, Miroslav (1983). "Bertić, Živko". Croatian Biographical Lexicon (in Croatian). Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. Retrieved 17 January 2024.