The 1888 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the wider United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
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 County Results
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Following Reconstruction, Georgia would be the first former Confederate state to substantially disenfranchise its newly enfranchised freedmen and many poor whites, doing so in the early 1870s.[1] This largely limited the Republican Party to a few North Georgia counties with substantial Civil War Unionist sentiment – chiefly Fannin but also to a lesser extent Pickens, Gilmer and Towns[2] – and in presidential elections to a small number of counties where blacks were not fully disenfranchised. The Democratic Party served as the guardian of white supremacy against a Republican Party historically associated with memories of Reconstruction, and the main competition became Democratic primaries, which were restricted to whites on the grounds of the Democratic Party being legally a private club.[3] This restriction was done by local county laws, but combined with the highly efficacious cumulative poll tax introduced in 1877 meant that turnout declined steadily throughout the 1880s,[4] unlike any other former Confederate state except South Carolina.
Despite economic problems in the mountain counties due to deflation produced by the gold standard and large-scale government spending reductions by the “Redeemer” Democrats,[5] voter turnout, especially for opposition parties, would maintain its poll tax-driven decline until the Populist movement, which did not affect the 1888 election. Consequently, Cleveland would gain five percent on his 1884 percentage in Georgia as opposition turnout fell by one-seventh.
Results
edit| 1888 United States presidential election in Georgia[6] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Democratic | Grover Cleveland (incumbent) | 100,493 | 70.31% | 12 | |
| Republican | Benjamin Harrison | 40,499 | 28.33% | 0 | |
| Prohibition | Clinton Fisk | 1,808 | 1.26% | 0 | |
| Union Labor | Alson Streeter | 136[a] | 0.10% | 0 | |
Results by county
edit| County | Stephen Grover Cleveland[7] Democratic |
Benjamin Harrison[7] Republican |
Clinton Bowen Fisk[8] Prohibition |
Margin | Total votes cast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Appling | 531 | 70.33% | 219 | 29.01% | 5 | 0.66% | 312 | 41.32% | 755 |
| Baker | 346 | 88.95% | 43 | 11.05% | 0 | 0.00% | 303 | 77.89% | 389 |
| Baldwin | 403 | 59.18% | 271 | 39.79% | 7 | 1.03% | 132 | 19.38% | 681 |
| Banks | 807 | 78.27% | 210 | 20.37% | 14 | 1.36% | 597 | 57.90% | 1,031 |
| Bartow | 916 | 71.01% | 290 | 22.48% | 84 | 6.51% | 626 | 48.53% | 1,290 |
| Berrien | 721 | 97.96% | 11 | 1.49% | 4 | 0.54% | 710 | 96.47% | 736 |
| Bibb | 2,215 | 64.11% | 1,121 | 32.45% | 119 | 3.44% | 1,094 | 31.66% | 3,455 |
| Brooks | 828 | 58.27% | 580 | 40.82% | 13 | 0.91% | 248 | 17.45% | 1,421 |
| Bryan | 214 | 94.27% | 12 | 5.29% | 1 | 0.44% | 202 | 88.99% | 227 |
| Bulloch | 1,061 | 96.02% | 42 | 3.80% | 2 | 0.18% | 1,019 | 92.22% | 1,105 |
| Burke | 684 | 73.39% | 248 | 26.61% | 0 | 0.00% | 436 | 46.78% | 932 |
| Butts | 603 | 68.91% | 245 | 28.00% | 27 | 3.09% | 358 | 40.91% | 875 |
| Calhoun | 451 | 100.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 451 | 100.00% | 451 |
| Camden | 188 | 36.86% | 317 | 62.16% | 5 | 0.98% | -129 | -25.29% | 510 |
| Campbell | 778 | 70.73% | 321 | 29.18% | 1 | 0.09% | 457 | 41.55% | 1,100 |
| Carroll | 1,710 | 80.89% | 349 | 16.51% | 55 | 2.60% | 1,361 | 64.38% | 2,114 |
| Catoosa | 428 | 77.12% | 106 | 19.10% | 21 | 3.78% | 322 | 58.02% | 555 |
| Charlton | 113 | 65.32% | 58 | 33.53% | 2 | 1.16% | 55 | 31.79% | 173 |
| Chatham | 3,920 | 73.52% | 1,355 | 25.41% | 57 | 1.07% | 2,565 | 48.11% | 5,332 |
| Chattahoochee | 145 | 86.83% | 22 | 13.17% | 0 | 0.00% | 123 | 73.65% | 167 |
| Chattooga | 638 | 77.80% | 180 | 21.95% | 2 | 0.24% | 458 | 55.85% | 820 |
| Cherokee | 1,575 | 76.72% | 459 | 22.36% | 19 | 0.93% | 1,116 | 54.36% | 2,053 |
| Clarke | 801 | 54.60% | 660 | 44.99% | 6 | 0.41% | 141 | 9.61% | 1,467 |
| Clay | 554 | 65.80% | 287 | 34.09% | 1 | 0.12% | 267 | 31.71% | 842 |
| Clayton | 604 | 72.95% | 224 | 27.05% | 0 | 0.00% | 380 | 45.89% | 828 |
| Clinch | 435 | 78.52% | 115 | 20.76% | 4 | 0.72% | 320 | 57.76% | 554 |
| Cobb | 1,143 | 73.18% | 391 | 25.03% | 28 | 1.79% | 752 | 48.14% | 1,562 |
| Coffee | 294 | 72.06% | 110 | 26.96% | 4 | 0.98% | 184 | 45.10% | 408 |
| Colquitt | 255 | 97.70% | 4 | 1.53% | 2 | 0.77% | 251 | 96.17% | 261 |
| Columbia | 397 | 98.51% | 0 | 0.00% | 6 | 1.49% | 391[b] | 97.02% | 403 |
| Coweta | 1,476 | 59.71% | 990 | 40.05% | 6 | 0.24% | 486 | 19.66% | 2,472 |
| Crawford | 442 | 94.24% | 26 | 5.54% | 1 | 0.21% | 416 | 88.70% | 469 |
| Dade | 465 | 83.48% | 89 | 15.98% | 3 | 0.54% | 376 | 67.50% | 557 |
| Dawson | 513 | 59.38% | 340 | 39.35% | 11 | 1.27% | 173 | 20.02% | 864 |
| DeKalb | 1,021 | 75.80% | 313 | 23.24% | 13 | 0.97% | 708 | 52.56% | 1,347 |
| Decatur | 1,287 | 72.75% | 482 | 27.25% | 0 | 0.00% | 805 | 45.51% | 1,769 |
| Dodge | 496 | 54.27% | 406 | 44.42% | 12 | 1.31% | 90 | 9.85% | 914 |
| Dooly | 787 | 67.04% | 386 | 32.88% | 1 | 0.09% | 401 | 34.16% | 1,174 |
| Dougherty | 815 | 78.21% | 222 | 21.31% | 5 | 0.48% | 593 | 56.91% | 1,042 |
| Douglas | 493 | 76.08% | 151 | 23.30% | 4 | 0.62% | 342 | 52.78% | 648 |
| Early | 467 | 61.85% | 288 | 38.15% | 0 | 0.00% | 179 | 23.71% | 755 |
| Echols | 150 | 75.76% | 43 | 21.72% | 5 | 2.53% | 107 | 54.04% | 198 |
| Effingham | 362 | 64.07% | 189 | 33.45% | 14 | 2.48% | 173 | 30.62% | 565 |
| Elbert | 774 | 95.67% | 11 | 1.36% | 24 | 2.97% | 750[b] | 92.71% | 809 |
| Emanuel | 658 | 95.50% | 30 | 4.35% | 1 | 0.15% | 628 | 91.15% | 689 |
| Fannin | 374 | 34.89% | 692 | 64.55% | 6 | 0.56% | -318 | -29.66% | 1,072 |
| Fayette | 690 | 77.09% | 204 | 22.79% | 1 | 0.11% | 486 | 54.30% | 895 |
| Floyd | 1,145 | 65.50% | 585 | 33.47% | 18 | 1.03% | 560 | 32.04% | 1,748 |
| Forsyth | 1,579 | 87.72% | 209 | 11.61% | 12 | 0.67% | 1,370 | 76.11% | 1,800 |
| Franklin | 606 | 79.84% | 121 | 15.94% | 32 | 4.22% | 485 | 63.90% | 759 |
| Fulton | 2,750 | 53.43% | 2,164 | 42.04% | 233 | 4.53% | 586 | 11.39% | 5,147 |
| Gilmer | 556 | 49.60% | 543 | 48.44% | 22 | 1.96% | 13 | 1.16% | 1,121 |
| Glascock | 290 | 86.57% | 45 | 13.43% | 0 | 0.00% | 245 | 73.13% | 335 |
| Glynn | 601 | 49.59% | 582 | 48.02% | 29 | 2.39% | 19 | 1.57% | 1,212 |
| Gordon | 852 | 84.61% | 119 | 11.82% | 36 | 3.57% | 733 | 72.79% | 1,007 |
| Greene | 803 | 52.38% | 714 | 46.58% | 16 | 1.04% | 89 | 5.81% | 1,533 |
| Gwinnett | 2,004 | 90.56% | 186 | 8.40% | 23 | 1.04% | 1,818 | 82.15% | 2,213 |
| Habersham | 830 | 80.82% | 188 | 18.31% | 9 | 0.88% | 642 | 62.51% | 1,027 |
| Hall | 2,170 | 87.29% | 274 | 11.02% | 42 | 1.69% | 1,896 | 76.27% | 2,486 |
| Hancock | 596 | 77.00% | 177 | 22.87% | 1 | 0.13% | 419 | 54.13% | 774 |
| Haralson | 493 | 82.86% | 93 | 15.63% | 9 | 1.51% | 400 | 67.23% | 595 |
| Harris | 1,020 | 61.22% | 633 | 38.00% | 13 | 0.78% | 387 | 23.23% | 1,666 |
| Hart | 674 | 86.97% | 80 | 10.32% | 21 | 2.71% | 863 | 76.65% | 775 |
| Heard | 629 | 76.43% | 188 | 22.84% | 6 | 0.73% | 441 | 53.58% | 823 |
| Henry | 1,136 | 67.90% | 512 | 30.60% | 25 | 1.49% | 624 | 37.30% | 1,673 |
| Houston | 949 | 66.93% | 466 | 32.86% | 3 | 0.21% | 483 | 34.06% | 1,418 |
| Irwin | 245 | 88.77% | 31 | 11.23% | 0 | 0.00% | 214 | 77.54% | 276 |
| Jackson | 2,180 | 80.80% | 506 | 18.75% | 12 | 0.44% | 1,674 | 62.05% | 2,698 |
| Jasper | 588 | 76.86% | 177 | 23.14% | 0 | 0.00% | 411 | 53.73% | 765 |
| Jefferson | 816 | 85.80% | 130 | 13.67% | 5 | 0.53% | 686 | 72.13% | 951 |
| Johnson | 379 | 73.45% | 124 | 24.03% | 13 | 2.52% | 255 | 49.42% | 516 |
| Jones | 531 | 54.41% | 443 | 45.39% | 2 | 0.20% | 88 | 9.02% | 976 |
| Laurens | 839 | 78.41% | 222 | 20.75% | 9 | 0.84% | 617 | 57.66% | 1,070 |
| Lee | 178 | 30.48% | 405 | 69.35% | 1 | 0.17% | -227 | -38.87% | 584 |
| Liberty | 477 | 39.75% | 708 | 59.00% | 15 | 1.25% | -231 | -19.25% | 1,200 |
| Lincoln | 446 | 99.78% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.22% | 445[b] | 99.55% | 447 |
| Lowndes | 767 | 53.75% | 643 | 45.06% | 17 | 1.19% | 124 | 8.69% | 1,427 |
| Lumpkin | 440 | 57.14% | 317 | 41.17% | 13 | 1.69% | 123 | 15.97% | 770 |
| Macon | 683 | 68.03% | 320 | 31.87% | 1 | 0.10% | 363 | 36.16% | 1,004 |
| Madison | 583 | 80.19% | 144 | 19.81% | 0 | 0.00% | 439 | 60.39% | 727 |
| Marion | 543 | 85.11% | 94 | 14.73% | 1 | 0.16% | 449 | 70.38% | 638 |
| McDuffie | 389 | 99.23% | 3 | 0.77% | 0 | 0.00% | 386 | 98.47% | 392 |
| McIntosh | 192 | 22.20% | 673 | 77.80% | 0 | 0.00% | -481 | -55.61% | 865 |
| Meriwether | 991 | 68.16% | 452 | 31.09% | 11 | 0.76% | 539 | 37.07% | 1,454 |
| Miller | 170 | 94.97% | 9 | 5.03% | 0 | 0.00% | 161 | 89.94% | 179 |
| Milton | 895 | 93.42% | 56 | 5.85% | 7 | 0.73% | 839 | 87.58% | 958 |
| Mitchell | 650 | 59.96% | 433 | 39.94% | 1 | 0.09% | 217 | 20.02% | 1,084 |
| Monroe | 1,420 | 75.25% | 466 | 24.70% | 1 | 0.05% | 954 | 50.56% | 1,887 |
| Montgomery | 480 | 71.54% | 178 | 26.53% | 13 | 1.94% | 302 | 45.01% | 671 |
| Morgan | 506 | 70.28% | 210 | 29.17% | 4 | 0.56% | 296 | 41.11% | 720 |
| Murray | 524 | 71.00% | 199 | 26.96% | 15 | 2.03% | 325 | 44.04% | 738 |
| Muscogee | 1,107 | 63.84% | 611 | 35.24% | 16 | 0.92% | 496 | 28.60% | 1,734 |
| Newton | 788 | 64.64% | 398 | 32.65% | 33 | 2.71% | 390 | 31.99% | 1,219 |
| Oconee | 380 | 70.76% | 156 | 29.05% | 1 | 0.19% | 224 | 41.71% | 537 |
| Oglethorpe | 550 | 98.92% | 4 | 0.72% | 2 | 0.36% | 546 | 98.20% | 556 |
| Paulding | 592 | 75.41% | 185 | 23.57% | 8 | 1.02% | 407 | 51.85% | 785 |
| Pickens | 368 | 31.78% | 788 | 68.05% | 2 | 0.17% | -420 | -36.27% | 1,158 |
| Pierce | 366 | 64.66% | 198 | 34.98% | 2 | 0.35% | 168 | 29.68% | 566 |
| Pike | 1,030 | 64.82% | 514 | 32.35% | 45 | 2.83% | 516 | 32.47% | 1,589 |
| Polk | 587 | 55.17% | 450 | 42.29% | 27 | 2.54% | 137 | 12.88% | 1,064 |
| Pulaski | 1,107 | 78.68% | 298 | 21.18% | 2 | 0.14% | 809 | 57.50% | 1,407 |
| Putnam | 511 | 99.80% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.20% | 510[b] | 99.61% | 512 |
| Quitman | 327 | 72.67% | 122 | 27.11% | 1 | 0.22% | 205 | 45.56% | 450 |
| Rabun | 386 | 88.13% | 43 | 9.82% | 9 | 2.05% | 343 | 78.31% | 438 |
| Randolph | 863 | 63.19% | 327 | 34.79% | 19 | 2.02% | 267 | 28.40% | 940 |
| Richmond | 808 | 85.14% | 113 | 11.91% | 28 | 2.95% | 695 | 73.23% | 949 |
| Rockdale | 568 | 66.51% | 280 | 32.79% | 6 | 0.70% | 288 | 33.72% | 854 |
| Schley | 355 | 60.37% | 233 | 39.63% | 0 | 0.00% | 122 | 20.75% | 588 |
| Screven | 1,161 | 82.40% | 243 | 17.25% | 5 | 0.35% | 918 | 65.15% | 1,409 |
| Spalding | 1,039 | 68.94% | 448 | 29.73% | 20 | 1.33% | 591 | 39.22% | 1,507 |
| Stewart | 662 | 82.54% | 139 | 17.33% | 1 | 0.12% | 523 | 65.21% | 802 |
| Sumter | 940 | 58.93% | 652 | 40.88% | 3 | 0.19% | 288 | 18.06% | 1,595 |
| Talbot | 575 | 59.34% | 389 | 40.14% | 5 | 0.52% | 186 | 19.20% | 969 |
| Taliaferro | 391 | 65.71% | 200 | 33.61% | 4 | 0.67% | 191 | 32.10% | 595 |
| Tattnall | 534 | 83.70% | 102 | 15.99% | 2 | 0.31% | 432 | 67.71% | 638 |
| Taylor | 559 | 80.32% | 123 | 17.67% | 14 | 2.01% | 436 | 62.64% | 696 |
| Telfair | 493 | 64.95% | 234 | 30.83% | 32 | 4.22% | 259 | 34.12% | 759 |
| Terrell | 673 | 74.61% | 228 | 25.28% | 1 | 0.11% | 445 | 49.33% | 902 |
| Thomas | 1,465 | 63.15% | 838 | 36.12% | 17 | 0.73% | 627 | 27.03% | 2,320 |
| Towns | 275 | 49.64% | 277 | 50.00% | 2 | 0.36% | -2 | -0.36% | 554 |
| Troup | 1,242 | 73.75% | 435 | 25.83% | 7 | 0.42% | 807 | 47.92% | 1,684 |
| Twiggs | 299 | 65.00% | 157 | 34.13% | 4 | 0.87% | 142 | 30.87% | 460 |
| Union | 547 | 55.36% | 440 | 44.53% | 1 | 0.10% | 107 | 10.83% | 988 |
| Upson | 977 | 73.85% | 345 | 26.08% | 1 | 0.08% | 632 | 47.77% | 1,323 |
| Walker | 718 | 72.53% | 260 | 26.26% | 12 | 1.21% | 458 | 46.26% | 990 |
| Walton | 767 | 74.98% | 235 | 22.97% | 21 | 2.05% | 532 | 52.00% | 1,023 |
| Ware | 369 | 64.51% | 186 | 32.52% | 17 | 2.97% | 183 | 31.99% | 572 |
| Warren | 545 | 84.10% | 100 | 15.43% | 3 | 0.46% | 445 | 68.67% | 648 |
| Washington | 1,351 | 69.78% | 572 | 29.55% | 13 | 0.67% | 779 | 40.24% | 1,936 |
| Wayne | 317 | 67.88% | 137 | 29.34% | 13 | 2.78% | 180 | 38.54% | 467 |
| Webster | 290 | 56.42% | 224 | 43.58% | 0 | 0.00% | 66 | 12.84% | 514 |
| White | 494 | 77.31% | 139 | 21.75% | 6 | 0.94% | 355 | 55.56% | 639 |
| Whitfield | 837 | 63.41% | 421 | 31.89% | 62 | 4.70% | 416 | 31.52% | 1,320 |
| Wilcox | 357 | 82.45% | 73 | 16.86% | 3 | 0.69% | 284 | 65.59% | 433 |
| Wilkes | 683 | 97.85% | 0 | 0.00% | 15 | 2.15% | 668[b] | 95.70% | 698 |
| Wilkinson | 339 | 82.48% | 69 | 16.79% | 3 | 0.73% | 270 | 65.69% | 411 |
| Worth | 547 | 72.26% | 179 | 23.65% | 31 | 4.10% | 368 | 48.61% | 757 |
| Totals | 100,493 | 70.37% | 40,499 | 28.36% | 1,808 | 1.27% | 59,994 | 42.01% | 142,800 |
References
edit- ^ Mickey, Robert W.; Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972, p. 76 ISBN 1400838789
- ^ Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 208, 210 ISBN 9780691163246
- ^ Springer, Melanie Jean; How the States Shaped the Nation: American Electoral Institutions and Voter Turnout, 1920-2000, p. 155 ISBN 022611435X
- ^ Kousser, J. Morgan; The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910, p. 213 ISBN 0-300-01973-4
- ^ Kousser; The Shaping of Southern Politics, pp. 17-18
- ^ "1888 Presidential General Election Results – Georgia". Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas.
- ^ a b Géoelections; Presidential election of 1888 Popular Vote (.xlsx file for €15)
- ^ Géoelections; Popular Vote for Clinton Fisk (.xlsx file for €15)