In 1563, London experienced its worst episode of plague during the sixteenth century. At least 20,136 people in London and surrounding parishes were recorded to have died of plague during the outbreak.[2] Around 24% of London's population ultimately perished,[3] but the plague affected London's unsanitary parishes and neighbourhoods the most.[4]
 Woodcut Map of London circa 1561 | |
| Date | June 1563 – January 1564[1] |
|---|---|
| Location | London, Kingdom of England |
| Type | Outbreak, part of the ongoing second plague pandemic since the fourteenth century |
| Cause | Yersinia Pestis |
| Deaths | 20,136 |
London in 1563
editIn 1563 the City of London was overcrowded, unsanitary, and poorly-policed. Queen Elizabeth I reigned in her fifth year and the government struggled with a rapidly increasing population. Although sanitation was a constant problem, the city had gone over a dozen years without a plague epidemic and many contemporary Londoners were unconcerned about the disease. That changed in 1563 when plague suddenly erupted in Derby, Leicester, and London[5] with such virulence that sickness spread to English troops garrisoned at Havre, weakening them and causing a surrender to French forces.[6]
The plague in London
edit
The first cases of plague began to appear in June. According to manuscripts by John Stow kept at Lambeth Library, weekly bills of mortality for 1563 show the first 17 recorded plague deaths for the week ending 12 June.[1] Elizabeth began coordinating a government response to the epidemic by communicating orders to her people through the Church. Churchwardens and curates were instructed to tell parishioners staying with those sick with plague not to come to church until several weeks after they recover. Strict countermeasures were taken at the local level to combat the epidemic, such as painting blue crosses on the houses of the infected and government orders to kill and bury all stray cats and dogs "for the avoidance of plague," with special officers appointed to carry out the cull.[7]
Many people still believed that plague was caused by inhaling corrupt airs known as "miasmas." In another well-intentioned but likely ineffective effort to cleanse London, orders were given by Queen Elizabeth's Council on 9 July that all householders at seven in the evening should make bonfires in the street to consume the corrupt air.[7] Cases began to steadily increase over the next few weeks, with plague killing 131 Londoners for the week ending 3 July before sharply increasing to hundreds of deaths per week by 30 July.[1] Tudor physician William Bullein records the contemporary testimony of a beggar witnessing those fleeing the epidemic: "I met with wagons, cartes, and horses full loden with young barnes, for fear of the black Pestilence..."[6] The urban neighbourhoods within London's walls were among the hardest hit by the epidemic of 1563,[8] with the worst afflicted areas being Saint Poulkar's parish, Fleet Ditch's Turnagain lane, and Seacoal lane.[6] S. Poulkar's was the most severely affected parish, having large quantities of fruit merchandise and filth in the lanes attracting rats.[5]
A prominent London physician named Dr. Geynes, known for invoking Galen and being citationed by the government for it, died on 23 July from plague.[6] Another physician, Dr. John Jones, contracted plague after staying in the house of a sick person but survived the illness. Dr. Jones promotes the theory of contagion in his Dyall of Auges, writing that "I myself was infected by reason that unawares I lodged with one who had it running from him."[6] As London's death toll soared, fear of the plague became palpable in the Royal Court. On 21 August, Lord Burleigh drafted Queen Elizabeth's order for the removal of Lady Katherine Grey and the Earl of Hertford from the Tower of London, out of "great fear that [the plague] may enter into our said Tower."[9] By the end of August nearly 1,000 Londoners per week were dying,[1] and London was experiencing widespread panic. Elizabeth and the Royal Council decided to avoid the City of London entirely. The Queen moved the Royal Court to Windsor Castle and erected a gallows in the town square, threatening to hang anyone who followed them from London. She prudently banned the transportation of goods into Windsor from London, as she too had a fear of contagion.[10] A pious queen, Elizabeth also wrote to Thomas Young, the Archbishop of York, to recommend universal prayer and fasting for hastening "remedy and mitigation" of the plague in her realm.[11][better source needed]
Autumn peak and winter decline
editAn average of 1,449 people were dying weekly between 27 August and 1 October, peaking at 1,828 plague deaths in London for the week ending 1 October.[1] Queen Elizabeth's government gave new orders on 30 September that all houses with infected individuals should have their doors and windows boarded up and that no person inside shall make contact with persons outside for 40 days.[7] This strict quarantine may have had an immediate effect, with plague deaths the next week dropping over 30% to 1,262 for the week ending 8 October.[citation needed]
It is normal during plague outbreaks for the disease to subside or break in a community during the winter months, as rats and their fleas[12] retreat from snow and their resources thin out. By 2 December deaths had fallen to 178 per week and the Common Council released an order that none of the houses where plague patients had been can be rented out.[7] Cases continued to decline to 13 deaths for the week ending 21 January 1564 before plague dissipated from the city.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Creighton, Charles (1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 305.
- ^ Nichols, John (1823). The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth, Among which are Interspersed Other Solemnities, Public Expenditures, and Remarkable Events During the Reign of that Illustrious Princess. John Nichols, F.S.S Lond. Edina. & Perth. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ "London Plagues 1348-1665" (PDF). www.museumoflondon.org.uk. Museum of London. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
- ^ Kohn, George, ed. (2007). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present (3 ed.). InfoBase Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 9781438129235. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
- ^ a b Creighton, Charles (1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 307–309.
- ^ a b c d e Creighton, Charles (1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 306–307.
- ^ a b c d Creighton, Charles (1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 315–317.
- ^ Cummins, Neil; Kelly, Morgan; Ó Gráda, Cormac. "Living standards and plague in London, 1560–1665" (PDF). The London School of Economics and Political Science. pp. 11–17. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- ^ Francis, John (1895). Notes and Queries: A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc. Bream's Building, Chancery Lane, London: John C. Francis. p. 342.
- ^ Wheatley, Henry Benjamin (1904). The Story of London. London: J.M. Dent & Company. p. 208.
- ^ Fowler, Catherine (May 2015). Moving the Plague: the Movement of People and the Spread of Bubonic Plague in Fourteenth Century through Eighteenth Century Europe (Thesis). University of Mississippi, The Aquila Digital Community. p. 18. S2CID 126478296.
- ^ Kohn, George C. (2007). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. Infobase Publishing. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-4381-2923-5.