The mineral marcasite, sometimes called "white iron pyrite", is iron sulfide (FeS2) with orthorhombic crystal structure. It is physically and crystallographically distinct from pyrite, which is iron sulfide with cubic crystal structure. Both structures contain the disulfide S22− ion, having a short bonding distance between the sulfur atoms. The structures differ in how these di-anions are arranged around the Fe2 cations. Marcasite is lighter and more brittle than pyrite. Specimens of marcasite often crumble and break up due to the unstable crystal structure.
| Marcasite | |
|---|---|
 Marcasite with tarnish (8×6 cm) | |
| General | |
| Category | Sulfide mineral |
| Formula (repeating unit) | FeS2 |
| IMA symbol | Mrc[1] |
| Strunz classification | 2.EB.10a |
| Crystal system | Orthorhombic |
| Crystal class | Dipyramidal (mmm) H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Space group | Pnnm |
| Unit cell | a = 4.436 Å, b = 5.414 Å, c = 3.381 Å; Z = 2 |
| Identification | |
| Formula mass | 119.98 g/mol |
| Color | Tin-white on fresh surface, pale bronze-yellow, darkening on exposure, iridescent tarnish |
| Crystal habit | Crystals typically tabular on {010}, curved faces common; stalactitic, reniform, massive; cockscomb and spearhead shapes due to twinning on {101}. |
| Twinning | Common and repeated on {101}; less common on {011}. |
| Cleavage | Cleavage: {101}, rather distinct; {110} in traces |
| Fracture | Irregular/Uneven |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 6–6.5 |
| Luster | Metallic |
| Streak | Dark-grey to black. |
| Diaphaneity | Opaque |
| Specific gravity | 4.875 calculated, 4.887 measured |
| Pleochroism | [100] creamy white; [010] light yellowish white; [001] white with rose-brown tint. Anisotropism: Very strong, yellow through pale green to dark green |
| References | [2][3][4][5] |
On fresh surfaces, it is pale yellow to almost white and has a bright metallic luster. It tarnishes to a yellowish or brownish color and gives a black streak. It is a brittle material that cannot be scratched with a knife. The thin, flat, tabular crystals, when joined in groups, are called "cockscombs".
In the late medieval and early modern eras, the word "marcasite" meant all iron sulfides in general, including both pyrite and the mineral marcasite.[6] The narrower, modern scientific definition for marcasite as specifically orthorhombic iron sulfide dates from 1845.[4] Jewellery where pyrite is used as the gemstone is called marcasite jewellery; a term which pre-dates the scientific definition, using the original sense of the word. Marcasite in the scientific sense is not used as a gem due to its brittleness.
Occurrence
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Marcasite can be formed as both a primary or a secondary mineral. It typically forms under low-temperature, highly acidic conditions. It occurs in sedimentary rocks (shales, limestones and low grade coals) as well as in low temperature hydrothermal veins. Commonly associated minerals include pyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, sphalerite, fluorite, dolomite, and calcite.[3]
As a primary mineral marcasite forms nodules, concretions, and crystals in a variety of sedimentary rock, such as in the chalk layers found on both sides of the English Channel at Dover, Kent, England, and at Cap Blanc-Nez, Pas de Calais, France, where it forms as sharp individual crystals and crystal groups, and nodules (similar to those shown here). Marcasite is also found in complex sulphide deposits. In the Reocín mine, Cantabria, Spain, appears as crystals grouped in the form of cockscombs.[7]
As a secondary mineral, it forms by chemical alteration of a primary mineral, such as pyrrhotite or chalcopyrite.
Sedimentary marcasite and low pH
editIn laboratory experiments, marcasite forms preferentially to pyrite at a pH of less than about 5.[8] Ab initio calculations suggest that this is due to pyrite having a higher surface energy (thus being less thermodynamically stable) than marcasite at low pH.[9]
Due to the association of marcasite with low pH, the occurrence of marcasite in sedimentary rocks in the geologic record implies the presence of highly acidic conditions during the formation and early diagenesis of those rocks. However, sedimentary pore waters below the modern ocean are typically buffered at near-neutral to slightly alkaline pH by dissolved carbonate species.[10] This raises the question of how sedimentary pore waters became sufficiently acidic to promote marcasite formation in the past.
Several theories have been proposed for the formation of early diagenetic marcasite, including: partial oxidation of primary pyrite by molecular oxygen infiltrating from the overlying water column,[11] and rapid anoxic organic matter decomposition and organic acid generation by fermentation and methanogenesis.[12]
Varieties and blends
editBlueite (S.H.Emmons): Nickel variety of marcasite, found in Denison Drury and Townships, Sudbury District, Ontario, Canada.
Lonchidite (August Breithaupt): Arsenic variety of marcasite, found at Churprinz Friedrich August Erbstolln Mine (Kurprinz Mine), Großschirma Freiberg, Ore Mountains, Saxony, Germany; ideal formula Fe(S, As)2.
Synonyms for this variety:
- kausimkies,
- kyrosite,
- lonchandite,
- metalonchidite (Sandberger) described at Bernhard Mine near Hausach (Baden), Germany.
Sperkise: designates a marcasite having twin spearhead crystal on {101}. Sperkise derives from the German Speerkies (Speer meaning spear and Kies gravel or stone). This twin is very common in the marcasite of a chalky origin, particularly those from the Cap Blanc-Nez.
Decay
editMarcasite reacts more readily than pyrite under conditions of high humidity. The product of this disintegration is iron(II) sulfate and sulfuric acid. The hydrous iron sulfate forms a white powder consisting of the mineral melanterite, FeSO4·7H2O.[13]
This disintegration of marcasite in mineral collections is known as "pyrite decay". When a specimen goes through pyrite decay, the marcasite reacts with moisture and oxygen in the air, the sulfur oxidizing and combining with water to produce sulfuric acid that attacks other sulfide minerals and mineral labels. Low humidity (less than 60%) storage conditions prevents or slows the reaction.[14][15]
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Iridescent cluster of marcasite crystals (3.3 × 2.1 × 1.4 cm) -
Two halves of a ball of marcasite geode from France -
Marcasite with dolomite
References
edit- ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
- ^ "Marcasite". Mineralien Atlas (in German).
- ^ a b "Marcasite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. U. Arizona.
- ^ a b "Marcasite". Mindat.org. 2571.
- ^ "Marcasite". Webmineral. data.
- ^ "marcassite". CNRTL (in French).
- ^ Calvo Rebollar, Miguel (2003). Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. II. Sulfuros y sulfosales [Minerals and Mines of Spain. Sulphides and sulphosalts.] (in Spanish). Vitoria, Spain: Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava. pp. 489–490. ISBN 9788478215430.
- ^ Murowchick, James B.; Barnes, H. L. (December 1986). "Marcasite precipitation from hydrothermal solutions". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 20 (12): 2615–2629. Bibcode:1986GeCoA..50.2615M. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(86)90214-0 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ Kitchaev, Daniil A.; Ceder, Gerbrand (14 December 2016). "Evaluating structure selection in the hydrothermal growth of FeS2 pyrite and marcasite". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 13799. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713799K. doi:10.1038/ncomms13799. PMC 5171653. PMID 27966547.
- ^ Ben-Yaakov, Sam (January 1973). "pH BUFFERING OF PORE WATER OF RECENT ANOXIC MARINE SEDIMENTS". Limnology and Oceanography. 18 (1). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 86–94. Bibcode:1973LimOc..18...86B. doi:10.4319/lo.1973.18.1.0086.
- ^ Schieber, Juergen (1 July 2011). "Marcasite in Black Shales—a Mineral Proxy for Oxygenated Bottom Waters and Intermittent Oxidation of Carbonaceous Muds". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 81 (7): 447–458. Bibcode:2011JSedR..81..447S. doi:10.2110/jsr.2011.41 – via GeoScienceWorld.
- ^ Bryant, R. N.; Jones, C.; Raven, M. R.; Owens, J. D.; Fike, D. A. (20 October 2020). "Shifting modes of iron sulfidization at the onset of OAE-2 drive regional shifts in pyrite δ34S records". Chemical Geology. 553: 119808. Bibcode:2020ChGeo.55319808B. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119808. S2CID 224938768.
- ^ Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (20th ed.). Wiley. p. 286. ISBN 0-471-80580-7.
- ^ "Storage Concerns for Geological Collections" (PDF). Conserv-O-Gram. U.S. National Park Service. April 1998.
- ^ Parafiniuk, J.; Stepisiewicz, M. (2000). "Pyrite oxidation under room conditions". Geology. www.geo.uw.edu.pl. How Minerals Form and Change. Warsaw, Poland: University of Warsaw. Archived from the original on 24 November 2006.
External links
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