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Palmer notation (sometimes called the "Military System" and named for 19th-century American dentist Dr. Corydon Palmer from Warren, Ohio[1]) is a dental notation (tooth numbering system). Despite the adoption of the FDI World Dental Federation notation (ISO 3950) in most of the world and by the World Health Organization, the Palmer notation continued to be the overwhelmingly preferred method used by orthodontists, dental students and practitioners in the United Kingdom as of 1998.[2]
The notation was originally termed the Zsigmondy system after Hungarian dentist Adolf Zsigmondy, who developed the idea in 1861 using a Zsigmondy cross to record quadrants of tooth positions.[3] Adult teeth were numbered 1 to 8, and the child primary dentition (also called deciduous, milk or baby teeth) were depicted with a quadrant grid using Roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V to number the teeth from the midline. Palmer changed this to A, B, C, D, E, which made it less confusing and less prone to errors in interpretation.
The Palmer notation consists of a symbol (⏌⎿ ⏋⎾) designating in which quadrant the tooth is found and a number indicating the position from the midline. Adult teeth are numbered 1 to 8, with deciduous (baby) teeth indicated by a letter A to E. Hence the left and right maxillary central incisor would have the same number, "1", but the right one would have the symbol "⏌" underneath it, while the left one would have "⎿".
Table of codes
editOrientation of the chart is traditionally "dentist's view", i.e. patient's right corresponds to notation chart left. The designations "left" and "right" on the chart, however, nonetheless correspond to the patient's left and right, respectively.
| Permanent Dentition | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| upper right | upper left | ||||||||||||||
| 8⏌ | 7⏌ | 6⏌ | 5⏌ | 4⏌ | 3⏌ | 2⏌ | 1⏌ | ⎿1 | ⎿2 | ⎿3 | ⎿4 | ⎿5 | ⎿6 | ⎿7 | ⎿8 |
| 8⏋ | 7⏋ | 6⏋ | 5⏋ | 4⏋ | 3⏋ | 2⏋ | 1⏋ | ⎾1 | ⎾2 | ⎾3 | ⎾4 | ⎾5 | ⎾6 | ⎾7 | ⎾8 |
| lower right | lower left | ||||||||||||||
| Primary Dentition | |||||||||||||||
| upper right | upper left | ||||||||||||||
| E⏌ | D⏌ | C⏌ | B⏌ | A⏌ | ⎿A | ⎿B | ⎿C | ⎿D | ⎿E | ||||||
| E⏋ | D⏋ | C⏋ | B⏋ | A⏋ | ⎾A | ⎾B | ⎾C | ⎾D | ⎾E | ||||||
| lower right | lower left | ||||||||||||||
One advantage of Palmer notation is that it can produce a very graphical image, akin to a 'map' of the dentition; tooth transpositions or edentulous spaces can easily be depicted if desired. It would also be feasible to introduce additional alphabetic characters or other symbols, for example to denote supernumerary teeth or bridge pontics, to which a purely numerical method such as the FDI system does not lend itself easily.[4]
Computerization
editWith the move from written dental notes to electronic records, some difficulty in reproducing the symbols has been encountered.[4] On a standard keyboard 'slash' and 'backslash' may be used as a crude approximation to the symbols with numbers placed before or afterwards; hence 3/ is 3⏌ and /5 is ⎾5.
The Miscellaneous Technical block in Unicode provides Palmer notation symbols in U 23BE through U 23CC. The symbols are not to be confused with box-drawing characters (┘└ ┐┌), which have the horizontal line at the middle.[5] These symbols are inherited from JIS X 0213 Dentist symbols.[6]
Daniel Johnson has put together a Palmer Tooth Notation TrueType font called FreePalmer. It is covered by the GPL 3 license. This font is descended from FreeSans. It can be used in OpenOffice and other software. A "MP7" derivative which enables the grid patterns to be produced that correspond to handwritten Palmer tooth notations is available for download as well. The FreePalmer characters are placed in the Latin-1 part, overriding existing characters.[7] A more technically correct way would be to program orthographic ligatures into the font.
Victor Haderup notation (Danish variant)
editThe Danish dentist Victor Haderup devised a variation of the Palmer notation where the (⏌⎿ ⏋⎾) symbols are replaced by plus/minus signs, which can either be placed in front or behind the number.[8][9] A plus ( ) indicates upper position while minus (−) indicates lower. When the sign is in front of the number, it indicates left while after it indicates right. For instance −6 indicates the 6th lower left tooth, i.e. first mandibular molar.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Edward F. Harris (2005). "Tooth-Coding Systems in the Clinical Dental Setting" (PDF). Dental Anthropology. 18 (2): 44. ISSN 1096-9411. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-06.
- ^ Blinkhorn A, Choi C, Paget H (1998). "An investigon into the use of the FDI tooth notation system by dental schools in the UK". European Journal of Dental Education. 2 (1): 39–41. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0579.1998.tb00034.x. PMID 9588962.
- ^ Huszár G (1989). "[The role of the life and works of Adolf Zsigmondy and Ottó Zsigmondy in the history of dentistry]". Fogorv Sz. 82 (12): 357–63. PMID 2689240.
- ^ a b Ferguson J (2005). "The Palmer notation system and its use with personal computer applications". British Dental Journal. 198 (9): 551–3. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4812303. PMID 15895048.
- ^ "Unicode chart, U2300 Miscellaneous Technical" (PDF). Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ "Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization" (PDF). unicode.org. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ "FreePalmer TrueType Font".
- ^ Havale, R.; Sheetal, B. S.; Patil, R.; Hemant Kumar, R.; Anegundi, R. T.; Inushekar, K. R. (2015-06-01). "Dental notation for primary teeth: a review and suggestion of a novel system". European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 16 (2): 163–166. ISSN 1591-996X. PMID 26147826.
- ^ "Victor Haderup". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Gyldendal.
Sources
edit- Bunn S (19 May 2006). "Tooth Numbering". Retrieved 2010-04-21.