α-Carotene

α-Carotene
Names
	IUPAC name (6′R)-β,ε-Carotene
	Systematic IUPAC name 1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-{(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-[(1R)-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl}cyclohex-1-ene
Identifiers
CAS Number	7488-99-5 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:28425 ;
ChemSpider	3571861 ;
PubChem CID	6419725;
UNII	45XWE1Z69V ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID00893691 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-23,25-28,37H,15-16,24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11 ,19-13 ,20-14 ,27-25 ,28-26 ,31-17 ,32-18 ,33-21 ,34-22 Key: ANVAOWXLWRTKGA-JLTXGRSLSA-N ; InChI=1/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-23,25-28,37H,15-16,24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11 ,19-13 ,20-14 ,27-25 ,28-26 ,31-17 ,32-18 ,33-21 ,34-22 Key: ANVAOWXLWRTKGA-JLTXGRSLBQ;
	SMILES C\C2=C\CCC(C)(C)C2/C=CC(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(/C)CCCC1(C)C;
Properties
Chemical formula	C40H56
Molar mass	536.873
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

α-Carotene (alpha-carotene) is a form of carotene with a β-ionone ring at one end and an α-ionone ring at the opposite end. It is the second most common form of carotene.

Human physiology

In American and Chinese adults, the mean concentration of serum α-carotene was 4.71 μg/dL. Including 4.22 μg/dL among men and 5.31 μg/dL among women.^[1]^[2]

Dietary sources

The following vegetables are rich in alpha-carotene:^[1]

Yellow-orange vegetables: Carrots (the main source for U.S. adults), sweet potatoes, pumpkin, winter squash
Dark-green vegetables: Broccoli, green beans, green peas, spinach, turnip greens, collards, leaf lettuce, avocado

Research

A 2018 meta-analysis found that both dietary and circulating α-carotene are associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. The highest circulating α-carotene category, compared to the lowest, correlated with a 32% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality, while increased dietary α-carotene intake was linked to a 21% decrease in the risk of all-cause mortality.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, Balluz LS, Giles WH, Liu S (March 2011). "Serum α-carotene concentrations and risk of death among US Adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study". Arch. Intern. Med. 171 (6): 507–15. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.440. PMID 21098341. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010.507-15&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.440&rft_id=info:pmid/21098341&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Ford, ES&rft.au=Zhao, G&rft.au=Balluz, LS&rft.au=Giles, WH&rft.au=Liu, S&rft_id=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/archinternmed.2010.440v1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Α-Carotene" class="Z3988">
- Nordqvist C (November 22, 2010). "Those With High Alpha-Carotene Blood Levels Live Much Longer". Medical News Today.
^ Alpha-carotene Linked to Lower Mortality Rates Archived May 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Tufts Health and Nutrition Letter, March 2011
^ Jayedi A, Rashidy-Pour A, Parohan M, Zargar MS, Shab-Bidar S (2018). "Dietary Antioxidants, Circulating Antioxidant Concentrations, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies". Adv Nutr. 9 (6): 701–716. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy040. PMC 6247336. PMID 30239557.701-716&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6247336#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/30239557&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/advances/nmy040&rft.aulast=Jayedi&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rashidy-Pour, A&rft.au=Parohan, M&rft.au=Zargar, MS&rft.au=Shab-Bidar, S&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6247336&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Α-Carotene" class="Z3988">

[Li2010-1] Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, Balluz LS, Giles WH, Liu S (March 2011). "Serum α-carotene concentrations and risk of death among US Adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study". Arch. Intern. Med. 171 (6): 507–15. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.440. PMID 21098341. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010.507-15&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.440&rft_id=info:pmid/21098341&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Ford, ES&rft.au=Zhao, G&rft.au=Balluz, LS&rft.au=Giles, WH&rft.au=Liu, S&rft_id=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/archinternmed.2010.440v1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Α-Carotene" class="Z3988">
Nordqvist C (November 22, 2010). "Those With High Alpha-Carotene Blood Levels Live Much Longer". Medical News Today.

[2] Nordqvist C (November 22, 2010). "Those With High Alpha-Carotene Blood Levels Live Much Longer". Medical News Today.

[2] Alpha-carotene Linked to Lower Mortality Rates Archived May 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Tufts Health and Nutrition Letter, March 2011

[pmid30239557-3] Jayedi A, Rashidy-Pour A, Parohan M, Zargar MS, Shab-Bidar S (2018). "Dietary Antioxidants, Circulating Antioxidant Concentrations, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies". Adv Nutr. 9 (6): 701–716. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy040. PMC 6247336. PMID 30239557.701-716&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6247336#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/30239557&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/advances/nmy040&rft.aulast=Jayedi&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rashidy-Pour, A&rft.au=Parohan, M&rft.au=Zargar, MS&rft.au=Shab-Bidar, S&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6247336&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Α-Carotene" class="Z3988">

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