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Hydrolysis constant

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The word hydrolysis is applied to chemical reactions in which a substance reacts with water. In organic chemistry, the products of the reaction are usually molecular, being formed by combination with H and OH groups (e.g., hydrolysis of an ester to an alcohol and a carboxylic acid). In inorganic chemistry, the word most often applies to cations forming soluble hydroxide or oxide complexes with, in some cases, the formation of hydroxide and oxide precipitates.

Metal hydrolysis and associated equilibrium constant values

The hydrolysis reaction for a hydrated metal ion in aqueous solution can be written as:

p M^z q H₂O ⇌ M_p(OH)_q^(pz–q) q H

and the corresponding formation constant as:

\beta _{pq}={\frac {[M_{p}(OH)_{q}^{(pz-q)}][H^{ }]^{q}}{[M^{z }]^{p}}}

and associated equilibria can be written as:

MO_x(OH)_z–2x(s) z H ⇌ M^z (z–x) H₂O

MO_x(OH)_z–2x(s) x H₂O ⇌ M^z z OH⁻

p MO_x(OH)_z–2x(s) (pz–q) H ⇌ M_p(OH)_q^(pz–q) (pz–px–q) H₂O

Aluminium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[1]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[2]	Hummel and Thoenen, 2023^[3]
Al³ H₂O ⇌ AlOH² H	–4.97	−4.98 ± 0.02	−4.98 ± 0.02
Al³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Al(OH)₂ 2 H	–9.3	−10.63 ± 0.09	−10.63 ± 0.09
Al³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Al(OH)₃ 3 H	–15.0	−15.66 ± 0.23	−15.99 ± 0.23
Al³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Al(OH)₄^– 4 H	–23.0	−22.91 ± 0.10	−22.91 ± 0.10
2 Al³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Al₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H	–7.7	−7.62 ± 0.11	−7.62 ± 0.11
3 Al³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Al₃(OH)₄⁵ 4 H	–13.94	−14.06 ± 0.22	−13.90 ± 0.12
13 Al³ 28 H₂O ⇌ Al₁₃O₄(OH)₂₄⁷ 32 H	–98.73	−100.03 ± 0.09	−100.03 ± 0.09
α-Al(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Al³ 3 H₂O	8.5	7.75 ± 0.08	7.75 ± 0.08
γ-AlOOH(s) 3 H ⇌ Al³ 2 H₂O		7.69 ± 0.15	9.4 ± 0.4

Americium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[5]	Grenthe et al, 2020^[6]
Am³ H₂O ⇌ Am(OH)² H	–6.5 ± 0.1	–7.22 ± 0.03	–7.2 ± 0.5
Am³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Am(OH)₂ 2 H	–14.1 ± 0.3	–14.9 ± 0.2	–15.1 ± 0.7
Am³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Am(OH)₃ 3 H	–25.7	–26.0 ± 0.2	–26.2 ± 0.5
Am³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Am(OH)₃(am) 3 H	–16.9 ± 0.1	–16.9 ± 0.8	–16.9 ± 0.8
Am³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Am(OH)₃(cr) 3 H	–15.2	–15.62 ± 0.04	–15.6 ± 0.6

Americium(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[7]	Grenthe et al, 2020^[6]
AmO₂ H₂O ⇌ AmO₂(OH) H	–10.7 ± 0.2
AmO₂ 2 H₂O ⇌ AmO₂(OH)₂^– 2 H	–22.9 ± 0.7
AmO₂ H₂O ⇌ AmO₂(OH)(am) H	–5.4 ± 0.4	–5.3 ± 0.5

Antimony(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[8]	Lothenbach et al., 1999;^[9] Kitamura et al., 2010^[10]	Filella and May, 2003^[11]
Sb(OH)₃ H ⇌ Sb(OH)₂ H₂O	1.41	1.30	1.371
Sb(OH)₃ H₂O ⇌ Sb(OH)₄^‒ H	‒11.82	‒11.93	‒11.70
0.5 Sb₂O₃(s) 1.5 H₂O ⇌ Sb(OH)₃	‒4.24
Sb₂O₃(rhombic,s) 3 H₂O ⇌ 2 Sb(OH)₃		‒8.72	‒10.00
Sb₂O₃(cubic,s) 3 H₂O ⇌ 2 Sb(OH)₃			‒11.40

Antimony(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[8]	Lothenbach et al., 1999;^[9] Kitamura et al., 2010^[10]
Sb(OH)₅ H₂O ⇌ Sb(OH)₆^‒ H	‒2.72	‒2.72
12 Sb(OH)₅ 4 H₂O ⇌ Sb₁₂(OH)₆₄^4‒ 4 H	20.34	20.34
12 Sb(OH)₅ 5 H₂O ⇌ Sb₁₂(OH)₆₅^5‒ 5 H	16.72	16.72
12 Sb(OH)₅ 6 H₂O ⇌ Sb₁₂(OH)₆₆^6‒ 6 H	11.89	11.89
12 Sb(OH)₅ 7 H₂O ⇌ Sb₁₂(OH)₆₇^7‒ 7 H	6.07	6.07
0.5 Sb₂O₅(s) 2.5 H₂O ⇌ Sb(OH)₅	‒3.7
Sb₂O₅(am) 5 H₂O ⇌ 2 Sb(OH)₅		‒7.400

Arsenic(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[12]	Nordstrom and Archer, 2003^[13]	Nordstrom et al., 2014^[14]
As(OH)₄^‒ H ⇌ As(OH)₃ H₂O	9.29	9.17	9.24 ± 0.02

Arsenic(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer^[12]	Khodakovsky et al. (1968)^[15]	Nordstrom and Archer, 2003^[13]	Nordstrom et al., 2014^[14]
H₂AsO₄^‒ H ⇌ H₃AsO₄	2.24	2.21	2.26 ± 0.078	2.25 ± 0.04
HAsO₄^2‒ H ⇌ H₂AsO₄^‒		6.93	6.99 ± 0.1	6.98 ± 0.11
AsO₄^3‒ H ⇌ HAsO₄^2‒		11.51	11.80 ± 0.1	11.58 ± 0.05
HAsO₄^2‒ 2 H ⇌H₃AsO₄	9.20
AsO₄^3‒ 3 H ⇌ H₃AsO₄	20.70

Barium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[16]	Nordstrom et al., 1990^[17]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[18]
Ba² H₂O ⇌ BaOH H	–13.47	–13.47	–13.32 ± 0.07

Berkelium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[19]
Bk³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Bk(OH)₃(s) 3 H	–13.5 ± 1.0

Beryllium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[20]
Be² H₂O ⇌ BeOH H	–5.10
Be² 2 H₂O ⇌ Be(OH)₂ 2 H	–23.65
Be² 3 H₂O ⇌ Be(OH)₃^– 3 H	–23.25
Be² 4 H₂O ⇌ Be(OH)₄^2– 4 H	–37.42
2 Be² H₂O ⇌ Be₂OH³ H	–3.97
3 Be² 3 H₂O ⇌ Be₃(OH)₃³ 3 H	–8.92
6 Be² 8 H₂O ⇌ Be₆(OH)₈⁴ 8 H	–27.2
α-Be(OH)₂(cr) 2 H ⇌ Be² 2 H₂O	6.69

Bismuth

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[21]	Lothenbach et al., 1999^[9]	NIST46^[4]	Kitamura et al., 2010^[10]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[22]
Bi³ H₂O ⇌ BiOH² H	–1.0	–0.92	–1.1	–0.920	–0.92 ± 0.15
Bi³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Bi(OH)₂ 2 H	(–4)	–2.56	–4.5	–2.560 ± 1.000	–2.59 ± 0.26
Bi³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Bi(OH)₃ 3 H	–8.86	–5.31	–9.0	–8.940 ± 0.500	–8.78 ± 0.20
Bi³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Bi(OH)₄^– 4 H	–21.8	–18.71	–21.2	–21.660 ± 0.870	–22.06 ± 0.14
3 Bi³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Bi3(OH)₄⁵ 4 H		–0.80		–0.800
6 Bi³ 12 H₂O ⇌ Bi₆(OH)₁₂⁶ 12 H		1.34		1.340	0.98 ± 0.13
9 Bi³ 20 H₂O = Bi₉(OH)₂₀⁷ 20 H		–1.36		–1.360
9 Bi³ 21 H₂O = Bi₉(OH)₂₁⁶ 21 H		–3.25		–3.250
9 Bi³ 22 H₂O = Bi9(OH)₂₂⁵ 22 H		–4.86		–4.860
Bi(OH)₃(am) 3 H = Bi³ 3 H₂O				31.501 ± 0.927
α-Bi₂O₃(cr) 6 H = 2 Bi³ 3 H₂O		0.76
BiO_1.5(s, α) 3 H = Bi³ 1.5 H₂O	3.46			31.501 ± 0.927	2.88 ± 0.64

Boron

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[23]	NIST46^[4]
B(OH)₃ H₂O ⇌ Be(OH)₄ H	–9.236	–9.236 ± 0.002
2 B(OH)₃ ⇌ B₂(OH)₅^– H	–9.36	–9.306
3 B(OH)₃ ⇌ B₃O₃(OH)₄^– H 2 H₂O	–7.03	–7.306
4 B(OH)₃ ⇌ B₄O₅(OH)₄^2– 2 H 3 H₂O	–16.3	–15.032

Cadmium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[24]	Powell et al., 2011^[25]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[26]
Cd² H₂O ⇌ CdOH H	−10.08	–9.80 ± 0.10	−9.81 ± 0.10
Cd² 2 H₂O ⇌ Cd(OH)₂ 2 H	–20.35	–20.19 ± 0.13	−20.6 ± 0.4
Cd² 3 H₂O ⇌ Cd(OH)₃^– 3 H	<–33.3	–33.5 ± 0.5	−33.5 ± 0.5
Cd² 4 H₂O ⇌ Cd(OH)₄^2– 4 H	–47.35	–47.28 ± 0.15	−47.25 ± 0.15
2 Cd² H₂O ⇌ Cd₂OH³ H	–9.390	–8.73 ± 0.01	−8.74 ± 0.10
4 Cd² 4 H₂O ⇌ Cd₄(OH)₄⁴ H	–32.85
Cd(OH)₂(s) ⇌ Cd² 2 OH^–		–14.28 ± 0.12
Cd(OH)₂(s) 2 H ⇌ Cd² 2 H₂O	13.65	13.72 ± 0.12	13.71 ± 0.12

Calcium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[16]	Nordstrom et al., 1990^[17]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[27]
Ca² H₂O ⇌ CaOH H	–12.85	–12.78	–12.57 ± 0.03
Ca(OH)₂(cr) 2 H ⇌ Ca² 2 H₂O	22.80	22.8	22.75 ± 0.02

Californium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[19]
Cf³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Bk(OH)₃(s) 3 H	–13.0 ± 1.0

Cerium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[29]
Ce³ H₂O ⇌ CeOH² H	–8.3	–8.3	–8.31 ± 0.03
2 Ce³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Ce₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H			–16.0 ± 0.2
3 Ce³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Ce₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H			–34.6 ± 0.3
Ce(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Ce³ 3 H₂O			18.5 ± 0.5
Ce(OH)₃(s) ⇌ Ce³ 3 OH^–		–22.1 ± 0.9

Chromium(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K (The divalent state is unstable in water, producing hydrogen whilst being oxidised to a higher valency state (Baes and Mesmer, 1976). The reliability of the data is in doubt.):


Reaction	NIST46^[4]	Ball and Nordstrom, 1988^[30]
Cr² H₂O ⇌ CrOH H	–5.5
Cr(OH)₂(s) ⇌ Cr² 2 OH^–		–17 ± 0.02

Chromium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[31]	Rai et al., 1987^[32]	Ball and Nordstrom, 1988^[30]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[33]
Cr³ H₂O ⇌ CrOH² H	–4.0	–3.57 ± 0.08		–3.60 ± 0.07
Cr³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Cr(OH)₂ 2 H	–9.7	–9.84		–9.65 ± 0.20
Cr³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Cr(OH)₃ 3 H	–18	–16.19		–16.25 ± 0.19
Cr³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Cr(OH)₄^- 4 H	–27.4	–27.65 ± 0.12		–27.56 ± 0.21
2 Cr³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Cr₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H	–5.06	–5.0		–5.29 ± 0.16
3 Cr³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Cr₃(OH)₄⁵ 4 H	–8.15	–10.75 ± 0.15		–9.10 ± 0.14
Cr(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Cr³ 3 H₂O	12		9.35	9.41 ± 0.17
Cr₂O₃(s) 6 H ⇌ 2 Cr³ 3 H₂O			8.52
CrO_1.5(s) 3 H ⇌ Cr³ 1.5 H₂O				7.83 ± 0.10

Chromium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[34]	Ball and Nordstrom, 1998^[30]
CrO₄^2– H ⇌ HCrO₄^–	6.51	6.55 ± 0.04
HCrO₄^– H ⇌ H₂CrO₄	–0.20
CrO₄²– 2 H ⇌ H₂CrO₄		6.31
2 HCrO₄^– ⇌ Cr₂O₇^2– H₂O	1.523
2 CrO₄^2– 2 H ⇌ Cr₂O₇^2– H₂O		14.7 ± 0.1

Cobalt(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[35]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[36]
Co² H₂O ⇌ CoOH H	–9.65	−9.61 ± 0.17
Co² 2 H₂O ⇌ Co(OH)₂ 2 H	–18.8	−19.77 ± 0.11
Co² 3 H₂O ⇌ Co(OH)₃^– 3 H	–31.5	−32.01 ± 0.33
Co² 4 H₂O ⇌ Co(OH)₄^2– 4 H	–46.3
2 Co² H₂O ⇌ Co₂(OH)₃ H	–11.2
4 Co² 4 H₂O ⇌ Co₄(OH)₄⁴ 4H	–30.53
Co(OH)₂(s) 2 H ⇌ Co² 2 H₂O	12.3	13.24 ± 0.12
CoO(s) 2 H ⇌ Co² H₂O		13.71 ± 0.10

Cobalt(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[37]
Co³ H₂O ⇌ CoOH² H	−1.07 ± 0.11

Copper(I)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[38]
Cu H₂O ⇌ CuOH H	–7.8 ± 0.4
Cu 2 H₂O ⇌ Cu(OH)₂^– 2 H	–18.6 ± 0.6

Copper(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[39]	NIST46^[4]	Plyasunova et al., 1997^[40]	Powell et al., 2007^[41]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[38]
Cu² H₂O ⇌ CuOH H	< –8	–7.7	–7.97 ± 0.09	–7.95 ± 0.16	–7.64 ± 0.17
Cu² 2 H₂O ⇌ Cu(OH)₂ 2 H	(< –17.3)	–17.3	–16.23 ± 0.15	–16.2 ± 0.2	–16.24 ± 0.03
Cu² 3 H₂O ⇌ Cu(OH)₃^– 3 H	(< –27.8)	–27.8	–26.63 ± 0.40	–26.60 ± 0.09	–26.65 ± 0.13
Cu² 4 H₂O ⇌ Cu(OH)₄^2– 4 H	–39.6	–39.6	–39.73 ± 0.17	–39.74 ± 0.18	–39.70 ± 0.19
2 Cu² H₂O ⇌ Cu₂(OH)₃ H			–6.71 ± 0.30	–6.40 ± 0.12	–6.41 ± 0.17
2 Cu² 2 H₂O ⇌ Cu₂(OH)₂² 2 H	–10.36	–10.3	–10.55 ± 0.17	–10.43 ± 0.07	–10.55 ± 0.02
3 Cu² 4 H₂O ⇌ Cu₃(OH)₄² 4 H			–20.95 ± 0.30	–21.1 ± 0.2	–21.2 ± 0.4
CuO(s) 2 H ⇌ Cu² H₂O	7.62		7.64 ± 0.06	7.64 ± 0.06	7.63 ± 0.05
Cu(OH)₂(s) 2 H ⇌ Cu² 2 H₂O				8.67 ± 0.05	8.68 ± 0.10

Curium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[42]
Cm³ H₂O ⇌ Cm(OH)² H	−7.66 ± 0.07
Cm³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Cm(OH)₂ 2 H	−15.9 ± 0.1
Cm³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Cm(OH)₃(s) 3 H	−13.9 ± 0.4

Dysprosium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[43]
Dy³ H₂O ⇌ DyOH² H	−8.0	−7.53 ± 0.14
Dy³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Dy(OH)₂ 2 H	(–16.2)
Dy³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Dy(OH)₃ 3 H	(–24.7)
Dy³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Dy(OH)₄⁻ 4 H	–33.5
2 Dy³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Dy₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H		−13.76 ± 0.20
3 Dy³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Dy₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H		−30.6 ± 0.3
Dy(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Dy³ 3 H₂O	15.9	16.26 ± 0.30
Dy(OH)₃(c) OH⁻ ⇌ Dy(OH)₄⁻	−3.6
Dy(OH)₃(c) ⇌ Dy(OH)₃	−8.8

Erbium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[44]
Er³ H₂O ⇌ ErOH² H	−7.9	−7.46 ± 0.09
Er³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Er(OH)₂ 2 H	(−15.9)
Er³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Er(OH)₃ 3 H	(−24.2)
Er³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Er(OH)₄⁻ 4 H	−32.6
2 Er³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Er₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H	−13.65	−13.50 ± 0.20
3 Er³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Er₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H	<−29.3	−31.0 ± 0.3
Er(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Er³ 3 H₂O	15.0	15.79 ± 0.30
Er(OH)₃(c) OH⁻ ⇌ Er(OH)₄⁻	−3.6
Er(OH)₃(c) ⇌ Er(OH)₃	~ −9.2

Europium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	NIST46^[4]	Hummel et al., 2002^[45]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[29]
Eu³ H₂O ⇌ EuOH² H	–7.8		–7.64 ± 0.04	–7.66 ± 0.05
Eu³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Eu(OH)₂ 2 H			–15.1 ± 0.2
Eu³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Eu(OH)₃ 3 H			–23.7 ± 0.1
Eu³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Eu(OH)₄⁻ 4 H			–36.2 ± 0.5
2 Eu³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Eu₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H			-	–14.1 ± 0.2
3 Eu³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Eu₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H			-	–32.0 ± 0.3
Eu(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Eu³ 3 H₂O	17.5		17.6 ± 0.8 (am) 14.9 ± 0.3 (cr)	16.48 ± 0.30
Eu(OH)₃(s) ⇌ Eu³ 3 OH^–		–24.5 ± 0.7 (am) –26.5 (cr)

Gadolinium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[46]
Gd³ H₂O ⇌ GdOH² H	–8.0	–7.87 ± 0.05
Gd³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Gd(OH)₂ 2 H	(–16.4)
Gd³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Gd(OH)₃ 3 H	(–25.2)
Gd³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Gd(OH)₄^– 4 H	–34.4
2 Gd³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Gd₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H		–14.16 ± 0.20
3 Gd³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Gd₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H		–33.0 ± 0.3
Gd(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Gd³ 3 H₂O	15.6	17.20 ± 0.48
Gd(OH)₃(c) OH^– ⇌ Gd(OH)₄^–	–4.8
Gd(OH)₃(c) ⇌ Gd(OH)₃	–9.6

Gallium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[47]	Smith et al., 2003^[48]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[49]
Ga³ H₂O ⇌ GaOH² H	–2.6	–2.897	–2.74
Ga³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Ga(OH)₂ 2 H	–5.9	–6.694	–7.0
Ga³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Ga(OH)₃ 3 H	–10.3		–11.96
Ga³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Ga(OH)₄^– 4 H	–16.6	–16.588	–15.52
Ga(OH)₃(s) ⇌ Ga³ 3 OH^–	$\approx$ –37	–37.0
GaO(OH)(s) H₂O ⇌ Ga³ 3 OH^–	–39.06	–39.1	–40.51

Germanium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[50]	Wood and Samson, 2006^[51]	Filella and May, 2023^[52]
Ge(OH)₄ ⇌ GeO(OH)₃^- H	–9.31	–9.32 ± 0.05	–9.099
Ge(OH)₄ ⇌ GeO2(OH)₂² 2 H	–21.9
GeO₂(OH)₂^2– H ⇌ GeO(OH)₃^–			12.76
8 Ge(OH)₄ ⇌ Ge₈O₁₆(OH)₃^3- 13 H₂O 3 H	–14.24
8 Ge(OH)₄ 3 OH^– ⇌ Ge₈(OH)₃₅^3–			28.33
GeO₂(s, hexa) 2 H₂O ⇌ Ge(OH)₄		–1.35	–1.373
GeO₂(s, tetra) 2 H₂O ⇌ Ge(OH)₄	-4.37	–5.02	–4.999

Gold(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[53]
Au(OH)₃ 2 H ⇌ AuOH² 2 H₂O	1.51
Au(OH)₃ H ⇌ Au(OH)₂ H₂O	< 1.0
Au(OH)₃ H₂O ⇌ Au(OH)₄^– H	–11.77
Au(OH)₃ 2 H₂O ⇌ Au(OH)₅^2– 2 H	–25.13
Au(OH)₅^2– 3 H₂O ⇌ Au(OH)₆³– 3 H	< –41.1
Au(OH)₃(c) ⇌ Au(OH)₃	–5.51

Hafnium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[54]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[55]
Hf⁴ H₂O ⇌ HfOH³ H	–0.25	−0.26 ± 0.10
Hf⁴ 2 H₂O ⇌ Hf(OH)₂² 2 H	(–2.4)
Hf⁴ 3 H₂O ⇌ Hf(OH)₃ 3 H	(–6.0)
Hf⁴ 4 H₂O ⇌ Hf(OH)₄ 4 H	–10.7*	−3.75 ± 0.34*
Hf⁴ 5 H₂O ⇌ Hf(OH)₅^– 5 H	–17.2
3 Hf⁴ 4 H₂O ⇌ Hf₃(OH)₄⁸ 4 H		0.55 ± 0.30
4 Hf⁴ 8 H₂O ⇌ Hf₄(OH)₈⁸ 8 H		6.00 ± 0.30
HfO₂(s) 4 H ⇌ Hf⁴ 2 H₂O	–1.2*	–5.56 ± 0.15*
HfO₂₍am) 4 H ⇌ Hf⁴ 2 H₂O		–3.11 ± 0.20

*Errors in compilations concerning equilibrium and/or data elaboration. Data not recommended. Strongly suggested to refer to the original papers.

Holmium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[56]
Ho³ H₂O ⇌ HoOH² H	−8.0	−7.43 ± 0.05
2 Ho³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Ho₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H		−13.5 ± 0.2
3 Ho³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Ho₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H		−30.9 ± 0.3
Ho(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Ho³ 3 H₂O	15.4	15.60 ± 0.30

Indium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[57]	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[58]
In³ H₂O ⇌ InOH² H	–4.00	–3.927	–3.96
In³ 2 H₂O ⇌ In(OH)₂ 2 H	–7.82	–7.794	–9.16
In³ 3 H₂O ⇌ In(OH)₃ 3 H	–12.4	–12.391
In³ 4 H₂O ⇌ In(OH)₄^– 4 H	–22.07	–22.088	–22.05
In(OH)₃(s) ⇌ In³ 3 OH^–	–36.92	–36.9	–36.92
1/2 In₂O₃(s) 3/2 H₂O ⇌ In³ 3 OH^–			–35.24

Iridium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[59]
Ir³ H₂O ⇌ IrOH² H	‒3.77 ± 0.10
Ir³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Ir(OH)₂ 2 H	‒8.46 ± 0.20
Ir(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Ir³ 3 H₂O	8.88 ± 0.20

Iron(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[60]	Nordstrom et al., 1990^[17]	Hummel et al., 2002^[45]	Lemire et al., 2013^[61]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[62]
Fe² H₂O ⇌ FeOH H	–9.3	–9.5	–9.5	–9.1 ± 0.4	−9.43 ± 0.10
Fe² 2 H₂O ⇌ Fe(OH)₂ 2 H	–20.5				−20.52 ± 0.08
Fe² 3 H₂O ⇌ Fe(OH)₃^- 3 H	–29.4				−32.68 ± 0.15
Fe(OH)₂(s) 2 H ⇌ Fe² 2 H₂O					12.27 ± 0.88

Iron(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[60]	Lemire et al., 2013^[61]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[63]
Fe³ H₂O ⇌ FeOH² H	–2.19	−2.15 ± 0.07	–2.20 ± 0.02
Fe³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Fe(OH)₂ 2 H	–5.67	−4.8 ± 0.4	–5.71 ± 0.10
Fe³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Fe(OH)₃ 3 H	<–12	<–14	–12.42 ± 0.20
Fe³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Fe(OH)₄^– 4 H	–21.6	−21.5 ± 0.5	–21.60 ± 0.23
2 Fe³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Fe₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H	–2.95	–2.91 ± 0.07	–2.91 ± 0.07
3 Fe³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Fe₃(OH)₄⁵ 4 H	–6.3		−6.3 ± 0.1
Fe(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Fe3 3 H₂O 2-line ferrihydrite	2.5	3.5	3.50 ± 0.20
Fe(OH)₃(s) ⇌ Fe³ 3 OH⁻ 6-line ferrihydrite		−38.97 ± 0.64
α-FeOOH(s) 3 H ⇌ Fe³ 2 H₂O goethite	0.5		0.33 ± 0.10
α-FeOOH H₂O ⇌ Fe³ 3 OH⁻ goethite		−41.83 ± 0.37
0.5 α-Fe₂O₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Fe³ 1.5 H₂O hematite			0.36 ± 0.40
0.5 α-Fe₂O₃ 1.5 H₂O ⇌ Fe³ 3 OH⁻ hematite		−42.05 ± 0.26
0.5 γ-Fe₂O₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Fe³ 1.5 H₂O maghemite			1.61 ± 0.61
0.5 γ-Fe₂O₃ 1.5 H₂O ⇌ Fe³ 3 OH⁻ maghemite		−40.59 ± 0.29
α-FeOOH(s) 3 H ⇌ Fe³ 2 H₂O lepidocrocite			1.85 ± 0.37
γ-FeOOH H₂O ⇌ Fe³ 3 OH⁻ lepidocrocite		−40.13 ± 0.37
Fe(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Fe³ 3 H₂O magnetite			−12.26 ± 0.26

Lanthanum

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[64]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[29]
La³ H₂O ⇌ LaOH² H	–8.5	–8.89 ± 0.10
2 La³ 2 H₂O ⇌ La₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H	≤ –17.5	–17.57 ± 0.20
3 La³ 5 H₂O ⇌ La₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H	≤ –38.3	–37.8 ± 0.3
5 La³ 9 H₂O ⇌ La₅(OH)₉⁶ 9 H	–71.2
La(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ La³ 3 H₂O	20.3	19.72 ± 0.34

Lead(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[65]	NIST46^[4]	Powell et al, 2009^[66]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[29]	Cataldo et al., 2018^[67]
Pb² H₂O ⇌ PbOH H	–7.71	–7.6	–7.46 ± 0.06	–7.49 ± 0.13	–6.47± 0.03
Pb² 2 H₂O ⇌ Pb(OH)₂ 2 H	–17.12	–17.1	–16.94 ± 0.09	–16.99 ± 0.06	–16.12 ± 0.01
Pb² 3 H₂O ⇌ Pb(OH)^3- 3 H	–28.06	–28.1	–28.03± 0.06	–27.94 ± 0.21	–28.4 ± 0.1
Pb² 4 H₂O ⇌ Pb(OH)₄^2- 4 H			–40.8
2 Pb² H₂O ⇌ Pb₂(OH)₃ H	–6.36	–6.4	–7.28± 0.09	–6.73 ± 0.31
3 Pb² 4 H₂O ⇌ Pb₃₍OH)₄² 4 H	–23.88	–23.9	–23.01 ± 0.07	–23.43 ± 0.10
3 Pb² 5 H₂O ⇌ Pb₃(OH)₅ 5 H				–31.11 ± 0.10
4 Pb² 4 H₂O ⇌ Pb₄(OH)₄⁴ 4 H	–20.88	–20.9	–20.57± 0.06	–20.71 ± 0.18
6 Pb² 8 H₂O ⇌ Pb₆(OH)₈⁴ 8 H	–43.61	–43.6	–42.89± 0.07	–43.27 ± 0.47
PbO(s) 2 H ⇌ Pb² H₂O			12.62 (red) 12.90 (yellow)
PbO(s) H2O ⇌ Pb² 2 OH^–	–15.28 (red)	-15.3	–15.3 (red) –15.1 (yellow)	–15.37 ± 0.04 (red) –15.1 ± 0.08 (yellow)
Pb₂O(OH)₂₍s) H2O ⇌ 2 Pb² 4 OH^–			–14.9
PbO(s) H₂O ⇌ Pb(OH)₂			–4.4 (red) –4.2 (yellow)
Pb₂O(OH)₂(s) H₂O ⇌ 2 Pb(OH)₂			–4.0
PbO(s) 2 H₂O ⇌ Pb(OH)₃^– H			–1.4 (red) –1.2 (yellow)
Pb₂O(OH)₂₍s) 2 H₂O ⇌ 2 Pb(OH)₃^– 2 H			–1.0

Lead(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Feitknecht and Schindler, 1963^[68]
β-PbO₂ 2 H₂O ⇌ Pb⁴ 4 OH^–	–64
β-PbO₂ 2 H₂O 2 OH^– ⇌ Pb(OH)₆^2–	–4.5

Lithium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[69]	Nordstrom et al., 1990^[17]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[70]
Li H₂O ⇌ LiOH H	–13.64	–13.64	–13.84 ± 0.14

Magnesium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[71]	Nordstrom et al., 1990^[17]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[72]
Mg² H₂O ⇌ MgOH H	–11.44	–11.44	–11.70 ± 0.04
4 Mg² 4 H₂O ⇌ Mg₄(OH)₄⁴ 4 H	–39.71
Mg(OH)₂(cr) 2 H ⇌ Mg² 2 H₂O	16.84	16.84	17.11 ± 0.04

Manganese(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Perrin et al., 1969^[73]	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[74]	Nordstrom et al., 1990^[17]	Hummel et al., 2002^[45]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[75]
Mn² H₂O ⇌ MnOH H	–10.59	–10.59	–10.59	–10.59	−10.58 ± 0.04
Mn² 2 H₂O ⇌ Mn(OH)₂ 2 H		–22.2			−22.18 ± 0.20
Mn² 3 H₂O ⇌ Mn(OH)₃^– 3 H		–34.8			−34.34 ± 0.45
Mn² 4 H₂O ⇌ Mn(OH)₄^2– 4 H		–48.3			−48.28 ± 0.40
2 Mn² H₂O ⇌ Mn₂OH³ H		–10.56
2 Mn² 3 H₂O ⇌ Mn₂(OH)₃ 6 H		–23.90
Mn(OH)₂(s) 2 H ⇌ Mn² 2 H₂O	15.2	15.2	15.2		15.19 ± 0.10
MnO(s) 2 H ⇌ Mn² H₂O					17.94 ± 0.12

Manganese(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[76]
Mn³ H₂O ⇌ MnOH² H	–11.70 ± 0.04

Mercury(I)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[77]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[78]
Hg₂² H₂O ⇌ Hg₂OH H	−5.0^a	−4.45 ± 0.10

(^a) 0.5 M HClO₄

Mercury(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[79]	Powell et all, 2005^[80]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[76]
Hg² H₂O ⇌ HgOH H	−3.40	–3.40 ± 0.08	–3.40 ± 0.08
Hg² 2 H₂O ⇌ Hg(OH)₂ 2 H	-6.17	–5.98 ± 0.06	−5.96 ± 0.07
Hg² 3 H₂O ⇌ Hg(OH)₃^– 3 H	–21.1	–21.1 ± 0.3
HgO(s) 2 H ⇌ Hg² H₂O	2.56	2.37 ± 0.08	2.37 ± 0.08

Molybdenum(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution, T = 298.15 K and I = 3 M NaClO₄ (^a) or 0.1 M Na medium, Data at I = 0 are not available (^b):


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[81]	Jolivet, 2000^[82]	NIST46^[4]	Crea et al., 2017^[83]
MoO₄^2– H ⇌ HMoO₄^–	3.89^a		4.24	4.47 ± 0.02
MoO₄^2– 2 H ⇌ H₂MoO₄	7.50^a			8.12 ± 0.03
HMoO₄^– H ⇌ H₂MoO₄			4.0
Mo₇O₂₄^6– H ⇌ HMo₇O₂₄^5–		4.4
HMo₇O₂₄^5– H ⇌ H₂Mo7O₂₄^4–		3.5
H₂Mo₇O₂₄^4– H ⇌ H₃Mo₇O₂₄^3–		2.5
7 MoO₄^2- 8 H ⇌ Mo₇O₂₄^6– 4 H₂O	57.74^a		52.99^b	51.93 ± 0.04
7 MoO₄^2– 9 H ⇌ Mo₇O₂₃(OH)^5– 4 H₂O	62.14^a			58.90 ± 0.02
7 MoO₄^2– 10 H ⇌ Mo₇O₂₂(OH)₂^4– 4 H₂O	65.68^a			64.63 ± 0.05
7 MoO₄^2– 11 H ⇌ Mo₇O₂₁(OH)₃^3– 4 H₂O	68.21^a			68.68 ± 0.06
19 MoO₄^2- 34 H ⇌ Mo₁₉O₅₉^4– 17 H₂O	196.3^a		196^a
MoO₃(s) H₂O ⇌ MoO₄^2– 2 H	–12.06^a

Neodymium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	NIST46^[4]	Neck et al., 2009^[84]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[29]
Nd³ H₂O ⇌ NdOH² H	–8.0	–8.0	–7.4 ± 0.4	–8.13 ± 0.05
Nd³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Nd(OH)₂ 2 H	(–16.9)		–15.7 ± 0.7
Nd³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Nd(OH)₃(aq) 3 H	(–26.5)		–26.2 ± 0.5
Nd³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Nd(OH)₄⁻ 4 H	(–37.1)	–37.4	–40.7 ± 0.7
2 Nd³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Nd₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H	–13.86	–13.9		–15.56 ± 0.20
3 Nd³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Nd₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H	< –28.5			–34.2 ± 0.3
Nd(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Nd³ 3 H₂O	18.6		17.2 ± 0.4	17.89 ± 0.09
Nd(OH)₃(s) ⇌ Nd³ 3 OH^–		–23.2 ± 0.9	–21.5 (act) –23.1(inact)

Neptunium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[85]	Grenthe et al, 2020^[6]
Np³ H₂O ⇌ NpOH² H	-7.3 ± 0.5	–6.8 ± 0.3

Neptunium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[86]	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[87]	Grenthe et al, 2020^[6]
Np⁴ H₂O ⇌ NpOH³ H	–1.49	–1.5	–1.31 ± 0.05	0.5 ± 0.2
Np⁴ 2 H₂O ⇌ Np(OH)₂² 2 H			–3.7 ± 0.3	0.3 ± 0.3
Np⁴ 4 H₂O ⇌ Np(OH)₄ 4 H			–10.0 ± 0.9	–8 ± 1
Np⁴ 4 OH^- ⇌ NpO₂(am, hyd) 2 H₂O	52	54.9 ± 0.4	57.5 ± 0.3	56.7 ± 0.5

Neptunium(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[86]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[88]	Grenthe et al, 2020^[6]
NpO₂ H₂O ⇌ NpO₂(OH) H	–8.85	–10.7 ± 0.5	–11.3 ± 0.7
NpO₂ 2 H₂O ⇌ NpO₂(OH)₂^- 2 H		–22.8 ± 0.7	–23.6 ± 0.5
NpO₂ H₂O ⇌ NpO₂(OH)(am, fresh) H	≤ –4.7	–5.21 ± 0.05	–5.3 ± 0.2
NpO₂ H₂O ⇌ NpO₂(OH)(am, aged) H		–4.53 ± 0.06	–4.7 ± 0.5

Neptunium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[89]	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[90]	Grenthe et al, 2020^[6]
NpO₂² H₂O ⇌ NpO₂(OH) H	–5.15	–5.12	–5.1 ± 0.2	–5.1 ± 0.4
NpO₂² 3 H₂O ⇌ NpO₂(OH)₃^- 3 H			–21 ± 1
NpO₂² 4 H₂O ⇌ NpO₂(OH)₄^2- 4 H			–32 ± 1
2 NpO₂² 2 H₂O ⇌ (NpO₂)₂(OH)₂² 2 H	–6.39	–6.39	–6.2 ± 0.2	–6.2 ± 0.2
3 NpO₂² 5 H₂O ⇌ (NpO₂)₃(OH)₅ 5 H	–17.49	–17.49	–17.0 ± 0.2	–17.1 ± 0.2
NpO₂² 2 H₂O ⇌ NpO₃.H₂O(cr) 2 H	≥-6.6		–5.4 ± 0.4	–5.4 ± 0.4

Nickel(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Feitknecht and Schindler, 1963^[68]	Baes and Messmer, 1976^[91]	NIST46^[4]	Gamsjäger et al., 2005^[92]	Thoenen et al., 2014^[93]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[94]
Ni² H₂O ⇌ NiOH H		–9.86	–9.9	–9.54 ± 0.14	–9.54 ± 0.14	–9.90 ± 0.03
Ni² 2 H₂O ⇌ Ni(OH)₂ 2 H		–19	–19		< –18	–21.15 ± 0.0
Ni² 3 H₂O ⇌ Ni(OH)₃^– 3 H		–30	–30	–29.2 ± 1.7	–29.2 ± 1.7
Ni² 4 H₂O ⇌ Ni(OH)₄^2– 4 H		< –44
2 Ni² H₂O ⇌ Ni₂(OH)³ H		–10.7		–10.6 ± 1.0	–10.6 ± 1.0	–10.6 ± 1.0
4 Ni² 4 H₂O ⇌ Ni₄(OH)₄⁴ 4 H		–27.74	–27.7	–27.52 ± 0.15	–27.52 ± 0.15	–27.9 ± 0.6
β-Ni(OH)₂(s) 2 H ⇌ Ni² 2 H₂O		10.8			11.02 ± 0.20	10.96 ± 0.20 11.75 ± 0.13 (microcr)
Ni(OH)₂(s) ⇌ Ni² 2 OH^–	–17.2 (inactive)		–17.2	–16.97± 0.20 (β) –17.2 ± 1.3 (cr)
Ni(OH)₂(s) OH^– ⇌ Ni(OH)₃^–	–4.2 (inactive)
NiO(cr) 2 H ⇌ Ni² H₂O				12.38 ± 0.06		12.48 ± 0.15

Niobium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[69]	Filella and May, 2020^[95]
Nb(OH)₅ H ⇌ Nb(OH)₄ H₂O	~ –0.6	1.603
Nb(OH)₅ H₂O ⇌ Nb(OH)₆^– H	~ –4.8	–4.951
Nb₆O₁₉^8– H ⇌ HNb₆O₁₉^7–		14.95
HNb₆O₁₉^7– H ⇌ H₂Nb₆O₁₉^6–		13.23
H₂Nb₆O₁₉^6– H ⇌ H₃Nb₆O₁₉^5–		11.73
1/2 Nb₂O₅(act) 5/2 H₂O ⇌ Nb(OH)₅	~ –7.4
Nb(OH)₅(am,s) ⇌ Nb(OH)₅		–7.510
Nb₂O₅(s) 5 H₂O ⇌ 2 Nb(OH)₅		–18.31

Osmium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution, I = 0.1 M and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Galbács et al., 1983^[96]
OsO₂(OH)₄^2– H ⇌ HOsO₂(OH)₄^–	10.4
HOsO₂(OH)₄^– H ⇌ H₂OsO₂(OH)₄	8.5

Osmium(VIII)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Galbács et al., 1983^[96]
OsO₂(OH)₃(O^-)aq H ⇌ OsO₂(OH)₄aq	12.2^a
OsO₂(OH)₂(O^-)₂aq H ⇌ OsO₂(OH)₃(O^-)aq	14.4^b

(^a) At I = 0.1 M (^b) At I = 2.5 M

Palladium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Perrin et al., 1969^[97]	Hummel et al., 2002^[45]	Kitamura and Yul, 2010^[98]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[99]
Pd² H₂O ⇌ PdOH H	−0.96		−0.65 ± 0.64	−1.16 ± 0.30
Pd² 2 H₂O ⇌ Pd(OH)₂ 2 H	−2.6	−4 ± 1	−3.11 ± 0.63	−3.07 ± 0.16
Pd² 3 H₂O ⇌ Pd(OH)₃⁻ 3 H		−15.5 ± 1	−14.20 ± 0.63
Pd(OH)₂(am) 2 H ⇌ Pd² 2 H₂O		−3.3 ± 1		−3.4 ± 0.2

Plutonium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[100]	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[101]	Grenthe et al, 2020^[6]
Pu³ H₂O ⇌ PuOH² H		–7.0	–6.9 ± 0.2	–6.9 ± 0.3
Pu³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Pu(OH)₃(cr) 3 H	–19.65		–15.8 ± 0.8	–15 ± 1

Plutonium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[102]	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[103]	Grenthe et al, 2020^[6]
Pu⁴ H₂O ⇌ PuOH ³ H	–0.5	–0.5	–0.7 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.2
Pu⁴ 2 H₂O ⇌ Pu(OH)₂² 2 H	(–2.3)			0.6 ± 0.3
Pu⁴ 3 H₂O ⇌ Pu(OH)₃ 3 H	(–5.3)			–2.3 ± 0.4
Pu⁴ 4 H₂O ⇌ Pu(OH)₄ 4 H	–9.5		–12.5 ± 0.7	–8.5 ± 0.5
Pu⁴ 4 OH^- ⇌ PuO₂(am, hyd) 2 H₂O	49.5		47.9 ± 0.4 (0w) 53.8 ± 0.5 (1w)	58.3 ± 0.5

Plutonium(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[104]	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[105]	Grenthe et al, 2020^[6]
PuO₂ H₂O ⇌ PuO₂(OH) H	–1.49	–1.5	–1.31 ± 0.05	0.5 ± 0.2
PuO2 H2O ⇌ PuO2(OH)(am) H			–3.7 ± 0.3	0.3 ± 0.3

Plutonium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[106]	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[107]	Grenthe et al, 2020^[6]
PuO₂² H₂O ⇌ PuO₂(OH) H	–5.6	–5.6	–5.36 ± 0.09	–5.5 ± 0.5
PuO₂² 2 H₂O ⇌ PuO₂(OH)₂ 2 H			–12.9 ± 0.2	–13 ± 1
PuO₂² 3 H₂O ⇌ PuO₂(OH)₃^- 3 H				–24 ± 1
2 PuO₂² 2 H₂O ⇌ (PuO₂)₂(OH)₂² 2 H	–8.36	–8.36	–7.8 ± 0.5	–7 ± 1
3 PuO₂² 5 H₂O ⇌ (PuO₂)₃(OH)₅ 5 H	–21.65	–21.65
PuO₂² 2 OH^- ⇌ PuO₂(OH)₂(am, hyd)				22.8 ± 0.6

Potassium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[69]	Nordstrom et al., 1990^[17]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[108]
K H₂O ⇌ KOH H	–14.46	–14.46	–14.5 ± 0.4

Praseodymium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[29]
Pr³ H₂O ⇌ PrOH² H	–8.1		–8.30 ± 0.03
2 Pr³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Pr₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H			–16.31 ± 0.20
3 Pr³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Pr₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H			–35.0 ± 0.3
Pr(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Pr³ 3 H₂O	19.5		18.57 ± 0.20
Pr(OH)₃(s) ⇌ Pr³ 3 OH^–		–22.3 ± 1.0

Radium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Nordstrom et al., 1990^[17]
Ra² H₂O ⇌ RaOH H	–13.49

Rhodium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Perrin et al., 1969^[109]	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[110]	Brown and Ekberg^[111]
Rh³ H₂O ⇌ RhOH₂ H	‒3.43	‒3.4	‒3.09 ± 0.1
Rh(OH)₃(c) OH^‒ ⇌ Rh(OH)₄^‒		‒3.9

Samarium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg^[29]
Sm³ H₂O ⇌ SmOH² H	–7.9	–7.9	–7.84 ± 0.11
2 Sm³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Sm₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H			–14.75 ± 0.20
3 Sm³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Sm₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H			–33.9 ± 0.3
Sm(OH)₃(s) 3H ⇌ Sm³ 3H₂O	16.5		17.19 ± 0.30
Sm(OH)₃(s) ⇌ Sm³ 3 OH^-		–23.9 ± 0.9 (am) –25.9 (cr)

Scandium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[112]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[113]
Sc³ H₂O ⇌ ScOH² H	–4.3	–4.16 ± 0.05
Sc³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Sc(OH)₂ 2 H	–9.7	–9.71 ± 0.30
Sc³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Sc(OH)₃ 3 H	–16.1	–16.08 ± 0.30
Sc³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Sc(OH)₄^– 4 H	–26	–26.7 ± 0.3
2 Sc³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Sc₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H	–6.0	–6.02 ± 0.10
3 Sc³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Sc₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H	–16.34	–16.33 ± 0.10
Sc(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Sc³ 3 H₂O		9.17 ± 0.30
ScO_1.5(s) 3 H ⇌ Sc³ 1.5 H₂O		5.53 ± 0.30
ScO(OH)(c) 3 H ⇌ Sc³ 2 H₂O	9.4
Sc(OH)₃(c) OH^– ⇌ Sc(OH)₄		–3.5 ± 0.2

Selenium(–II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Olin et al., 2015^[114]	Thoenen et al., 2014^[93]
H₂Se(g) ⇌ H₂Se(aq)	–1.10 ± 0.01	–1.10 ± 0.01
H₂Se ⇌ HSe^– H	–3.85 ± 0.05	–3.85 ± 0.05
HSe^– ⇌ Se^2– H	–14.91 ± 0.20

Selenium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[115]	Olin et al., 2005^[114]	Thoenen et al., 2014^[93]
SeO₃^2– H ⇌ HSeO₃^–	8.50	8.36 ± 0.23	8.36 ± 0.23
HSeO₃^– H ⇌ H₂SeO₃	2.75	2.64 ± 0.14	2.64 ± 0.14

Selenium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[116]	Olin et al., 2005^[114]	Thoenen et al., 2014^[93]
SeO₄^2‒ H ⇌ HSeO₄^‒	1.360	1.75 ± 0.10	1.75 ± 0.10

Silicon

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[117]	Thoenen et al., 2014^[93]
Si(OH)₄ ⇌ SiO(OH)₃^– H	–9.86	–9.81 ± 0.02
Si(OH)₄ ⇌ SiO₂(OH)₂^2– 2 H	–22.92	–23.14 ± 0.09
4 Si(OH)₄ ⇌ Si₄O₆(OH)₆^4– 2 H 4 H₂O	–13.44
4 Si(OH)₄ ⇌ Si₄O₈(OH)₄^4– 4 H 4 H₂O	–35.80	–36.3 ± 0.2
SiO₂(quartz) 2 H₂O ⇌ Si(OH)₄	–4.0	–3.739 ± 0.087
SiO₂(am) 2 H₂O ⇌ Si(OH)₄		–2.714

Silver

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[118]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[119]
Ag H₂O ⇌ AgOH H	−12.0	−11.75 ± 0.14
Ag 2 H₂O ⇌ Ag(OH)₂⁻ 2 H	−24.0	−24.34 ± 0.14
0.5 Ag₂O(am) H ⇌ Ag 0.5 H₂O	6.29	6.27 ± 0.05

Sodium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[69]	Nordstrom et al., 1990^[17]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[120]
Na H₂O ⇌ NaOH H	–14.18	–14.18	–14.4 ± 0.2

Strontium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[16]	Nordstrom et al., 1990^[17]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[121]
Sr² H₂O ⇌ SrOH H	–13.29	–13.29	–13.15 ± 0.05

Tantalum

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[122]	Filella and May, 2019^a^[123]
Ta(OH)₅ H ⇌ Ta(OH)₄ H₂O	~1	0.7007
Ta(OH)₅ H₂O ⇌ Ta(OH)₆^– H	~ –9.6
Ta₆O₁₉^8– H ⇌ HTa₆O₁₉^7–		16.35
HTa₆O₁₉^7– H ⇌ H₂Ta₆O₁₉^6–		14.00
1/2 Ta₂O₅(act) 5/2 H₂O ⇌ Ta(OH)₅	~ –5.2
Ta(OH)₅(s) ⇌ Ta(OH)₅		–5.295
Ta₂O₅(s) 5 H₂O ⇌ 2 Ta(OH)₅		–20.00

(^a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Tellurium(-II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Filella and May, 2019^a^[124]
Te^2‒ H ⇌ HTe^‒	11.81
HTe^‒ H ⇌ H₂Te	2.476

(^a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Tellurium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[125]	Filella and May, 2019^a^[124]
TeO₃^2‒ H ⇌ HTeO₃^‒		9.928
HTeO₃^‒ H ⇌ H₂TeO₃		6.445
H₂TeO₃ ⇌ HTeO₃^‒ H	‒2.68
H₂TeO₃ ⇌ TeO₃^2‒ 2 H	‒12.5
H₂TeO₃ H ⇌ Te(OH)₃	3.13	2.415
TeO₂(s) H₂O ⇌ H₂TeO₃		‒4.709

(^a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Tellurium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[125]	Filella and May, 2019^a^[124]
TeO₂(OH)₄^2‒ H ⇌ TeO(OH)₅^‒		10.83
TeO(OH)₅^‒ H ⇌ Te(OH)₆	7.68	7.696
TeO₂(OH)₄^2‒ 2 H ⇌ Te(OH)₆	18.68
TeO₃(OH)₃^3‒ 3 H ⇌ Te(OH)₆	34.3
2 Te(OH)₆ ⇌ Te₂O(OH)₁₁^‒ H		‒6.929

(^a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Terbium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[126]
Tb³ H₂O ⇌ TbOH² H	−7.9	−7.60 ± 0.09
2 Tb³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Tb₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H		−13.9 ± 0.2
3 Tb³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Tb₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H		−31.7 ± 0.3
Tb(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Tb³ 3 H₂O	16.5	16.33 ± 0.30

Thallium(I)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[127]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[128]
Tl H₂O ⇌ TlOH H	–13.21
Tl OH^– ⇌ TlOH		0.64 ± 0.05
Tl 2 OH^– ⇌ Tl(OH)₂^–		–0.7 ± 0.7
⁠1/2⁠ Tl₂O(s) H ⇌ Tl ⁠1/2⁠ H₂O		13.55 ± 0.20

(^a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Thallium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[127]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[128]
Tl³ H₂O ⇌ TlOH² H	–0.62	–0.22 ± 0.19
Tl³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Tl(OH)₂ 2 H	–1.57
Tl³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Tl(OH)₃ 3 H	–3.3
Tl³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Tl(OH)₄^– 4 H	–15.0
⁠1/2⁠ Tl₂O₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Tl³ ⁠3/2⁠ H₂O	–3.90	–3.90 ± 0.10

(^a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Thorium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[129]	Rand et al., 2008^[130]	Thoenen et al, 014^[131]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[132]
Th⁴ H₂O ⇌ ThOH³ H	–3.20	–2.5 ± 0.5	–2.5 ± 0.5	–2.5 ± 0.5
Th⁴ 2 H₂O ⇌ Th(OH)₂² 2 H	–6.93	–6.2 ± 0.5	–6.2 ± 0.5	–6.2 ± 0.5
Th⁴ 3 H₂O ⇌ Th(OH)₃ 3 H	< –11.7
Th⁴ 4 H₂O ⇌ Th(OH)₄ 4 H	–15.9	–17.4 ± 0.7	–17.4 ± 0.7	–17.4 ± 0.7
2Th⁴ 2 H₂O ⇌ Th₂(OH)₂⁶ 2 H	–6.14	–5.9 ± 0.5	–5.9 ± 0.5	–5.9 ± 0.5
2Th⁴ 3 H₂O ⇌ Th₂(OH)₃⁵ 3 H		–6.8 ± 0.2	–6.8 ± 0.2	–6.8 ± 0.2
4Th⁴ 8 H₂O ⇌ Th₄(OH)₈⁸ 8 H	–21.1	–20.4 ± 0.4	–20.4 ± 0.4	–20.4 ± 0.4
4Th⁴ 12 H₂O ⇌ Th₄(OH)₁₂⁴ 12 H		–26.6 ± 0.2	–26.6 ± 0.2	–26.6 ± 0.2
6Th⁴ 15 H₂O(l) ⇌ Th₆(OH)₁₅⁹ 15 H	–36.76	–36.8 ± 1.5	–36.8 ± 1.5	–36.8 ± 1.5
6Th⁴ 14 H₂O(l) ⇌ Th₆(OH)₁₄¹⁰ 14 H		–36.8 ± 1.2	–36.8 ± 1.2	–36.8 ± 1.2
ThO₂(c) 4 H ⇌ Th⁴ 2 H₂O	6.3
ThO₂(am) 4 H ⇌ Th⁴ 2 H₂O				8.8 ± 1.0
ThO₂(am,hyd,fresh) 4 H ⇌ Th⁴ 2 H₂O			9.3 ± 0.9
ThO₂(am,hyd,aged) 4 H ⇌ Th⁴ 2 H₂O			8.5 ± 0.9
Th⁴ 4 OH^- ⇌ ThO₂(am,hyd,fresh) 2 H₂O		46.7 ± 0.9
Th⁴ 4 OH^- ⇌ ThO₂(am,hyd,aged) 2 H₂O		47.5 ± 0.9

Thulium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[133]
Tm³ H₂O ⇌ TmOH² H	−7.7	−7.34 ± 0.09
2 Tm³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Tm₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H		−13.2 ± 0.2
3 Tm³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Tm₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H		−30.5 ± 0.3
Tm(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Tm³ 3 H₂O	15.0	15.56 ± 0.40

Tin(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Feitknecht, 1963^[68]	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[134]	Hummel et al., 2002^[45]	NIST46^[4]	Cigala et al, 2012^[135]	Gamsjäger et al, 2012^[136]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[137]
Sn² H₂O ⇌ SnOH H		–3.40	–3.8 ± 0.2	–3.4	–3.52 ± 0.05	–3.53 ± 0.40	–3.53 ± 0.40
Sn² 2 H₂O ⇌ Sn(OH)₂ 2 H		–7.06	–7.7 ± 0.2	–7.1	–6.26 ± 0.06	–7.68 ± 0.40	–7.68 ± 0.40
Sn² 3 H₂O ⇌ Sn(OH)₃^– 3 H		–16.61	–17.5 ± 0.2	–16.6	–16.97 ± 0.17	–17.00 ± 0.60	–17.56 ± 0.40
2 Sn² 2 H₂O ⇌ Sn₂(OH)₂² 2 H		–4.77		–4.8	–4.79 ± 0.05
3 Sn² 4 H₂O ⇌ Sn₃(OH)₄² 4 H		–6.88	–5.6 ± 1.6	–6.88	–5.88 ± 0.05	–5.60 ± 0.47	−5.60 ± 0.47
Sn(OH)₂(s) ⇌ Sn² 2 OH^–				–25.8	–26.28 ± 0.08
SnO(s) 2 H ⇌ Sn² H₂O		1.76	2.5± 0.5				1.60 ± 0.15
SnO(s) H₂O ⇌ Sn² 2 OH^–	–26.2
SnO(s) H₂O ⇌ Sn(OH)₂	–5.3
SnO(s) 2 H₂O ⇌ Sn(OH)₃^– H	–0.9

Tin(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Hummel et al., 2002^[45]	Gamsjäger et al, 2012^[136]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[137]
Sn⁴ 4 H₂O ⇌ Sn(OH)₄ 4 H			7.53 ± 0.12
Sn⁴ 5 H₂O ⇌ Sn(OH)₅^– 5 H			–1.07 ± 0.42
Sn⁴ 6 H₂O ⇌ Sn(OH)₆^2– 6 H			–1.07 ± 0.42
Sn(OH)₄ H₂O ⇌ Sn(OH)₅^– H	–8.0 ± 0.3	–8.60 ± 0.40
Sn(OH)₄ 2 H₂O ⇌ Sn(OH)₆^2– 2 H	–18.4 ± 0.3	–18.67 ± 0.30
SnO₂(cr) 2 H₂O ⇌ Sn(OH)₄	–8.0 ± 0.2	–8.06 ± 0.11
SnO₂(am) 2 H₂O ⇌ Sn(OH)₄	–7.3 ± 0.3	–7.22 ± 0.08
SnO₂(s) 4 H ⇌ Sn⁴ 2 H₂O			–15.59 ± 0.04

Tungsten

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	NIST46^[4]
WO₄^2– H ⇌ HWO₄^–	3.6
WO₄^2– 2 H ⇌ H₂WO₄	5.8
6 WO₄^2– 7 H ⇌ HW₆O₂₁^5– 3 H₂O	63.83

Titanium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Perrin et al., 1969^[138]	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[139]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[140]
Ti³ H₂O ⇌ TiOH² H	–1.29	–2.2	–1.65 ± 0.11
2 Ti³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Ti₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H		–3.6	–2.64 ± 0.10

Titanium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[139]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[140]
Ti(OH)₂² H₂O ⇌ Ti(OH)³ H	⩽–2.3
Ti(OH)₂² 2 H₂O ⇌ Ti(OH)₄ 2 H	–4.8
TiO² H₂O ⇌ TiOOH H		–2.48 ± 0.10
TiO² 2 H₂O ⇌ TiO(OH)₂ 2 H		–5.49 ± 0.14
TiO² 3 H₂O ⇌ TiO(OH)₃^– 3 H		–17.4 ± 0.5
TiO(OH)₂ H₂O ⇌ TiO(OH)₃^– H		–11.9 ±0.5
TiO₂(c) 2 H₂O ⇌ Ti(OH)₄	~ –4.8
TiO₂(s) H ⇌ TiOOH		–6.06 ± 0.30
TiO₂(s) H₂O ⇌ TiO(OH)₂		–9.02 ± 0.02
TiO₂ x H₂O ⇌ Ti(OH)₂²[OH^–]
TiO₂(s) 4 H ⇌ Ti⁴ 2 H₂O		–3.56 ± 0.10

Uranium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[141]	Thoenen et al., 2014^[142]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[143]	Grenthe et al., 2020^[6]
U⁴ H₂O ⇌ UOH³ H	–0.65	– 0.54 ± 0.06	–0.58 ± 0.08	– 0.54 ± 0.06
U⁴ 2 H₂O ⇌ U(OH)₂² 2 H	(–2.6)	–1.1 ± 1.0	–1.4 ± 0.2	–1.9 ± 0.2
U⁴ 3 H₂O ⇌ U(OH)₃ 3 H	(–5.8)	–4.7 ± 1.0	–5.1 ± 0.3	–5.2 ± 0.4
U⁴ 4 H₂O ⇌ U(OH)₄ 4 H	(–10.3)	–10.0 ± 1.4	–10.4 ± 0.5	–10.0 ± 1.4
U⁴ 5 H₂O ⇌ U(OH)₅^- 5 H	–16.0
UO₂(am, hyd) 4 H ⇌ U⁴ 2 H₂O		1.5 ± 1.0
UO₂(am,hyd) 2 H₂O ⇌ U⁴ 4 OH^–			–54.500 ± 1.000	–54.500 ± 1.000
UO₂(c) 4 H ⇌ U⁴ 2 H₂O	–1.8
UO₂(c) 2 H₂O ⇌ U⁴ 4 OH^–				–60.860 ± 1.000

Uranium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[144]	Grenthe et al., 1992^[145]	NIST46^[4]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[146]	Grenthe et al., 2020^[6]
UO₂² H₂O ⇌ UO₂(OH) H	–5.8	–5.2 ± 0.3	–5.9 ± 0.1	–5.13 ± 0.04	–5.2₅ ± 0.2₄
UO₂² 2 H₂O ⇌ UO₂(OH)₂ 2 H		≤-10.3		–12.1₅ ± 0.2₀	–12.15 ± 0.07
UO₂² 3 H₂O ⇌ UO₂(OH)₃^– 3 H		–19.2 ± 0.4		–20.2₅ ± 0.4₂	–20.2₅ ± 0.4₂
UO₂² 4 H₂O ⇌ UO₂(OH)₄^2– 4 H		–33 ± 2		–32.4₀ ± 0.6₈	–32.4₀ ± 0.6₈
2 UO₂² 2 H₂O ⇌ (UO₂)₂(OH)₂² 2 H	–5.62	–5.62 ± 0.04	–5.58 ± 0.04	–5.68 ± 0.05	–5.62 ± 0.08
3 UO₂² 5 H₂O ⇌ (UO₂)₃(OH)₅ 5 H	–15.63	–15.5₅ ± 0.1₂	–15.6	–15.7₅ ± 0.1₂	–15.5₅ ± 0.1₂
3 UO₂² 4 H₂O ⇌ (UO₂)₃(OH)₄² 4 H	(–11.75)	–11.9 ± 0.3		–11.78 ± 0.05	–11.9 ± 0.3
3 UO₂² 7 H₂O ⇌ (UO₂)₃(OH)₇^– 7 H		–31 ± 2.0		–32.2 ± 0.8	–32.2 ± 0.8
4 UO₂² 7 H₂O ⇌ (UO₂)₄(OH)₇ 7 H		–21.9 ± 1.0		–22.1 ± 0.2	–21.9 ± 1.0
2 UO₂² H₂O ⇌ (UO₂)₂(OH)³ H		–2.7 ± 1.0			–2.7 ± 1.0
UO₂(OH)₂(s) 2H ⇌ UO₂² 2 H₂O	5.6		6.0	4.81 ± 0.20
UO₃·2H₂O(cr) 2H ⇌ UO₂² 3 H₂O					5.350 ± 0.130

Vanadium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[76]
VO² H₂O ⇌ VO(OH) H	–5.30 ± 0.13
2 VO² 2 H₂O ⇌ (VO)₂(OH)₂² 2 H	–6.71 ± 0.10

Vanadium(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[147]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[148]
VO₂ 2 H₂O ⇌ VO(OH₎₃ H	–3.3
VO₂ 2 H₂O ⇌ VO₂(OH)₂^– 2 H	–7.3	–7.18 ± 0.12
10 VO₂ 8 H₂O ⇌ V₁₀O₂₆(OH)₂^4– 14 H	–10.7
VO₂(OH)₂^– ⇌ VO₃(OH)^2– H	–8.55
2 VO₂(OH)₂^– ⇌ V₂O₆(OH)₂^3– H H₂O	–6.53
VO₃(OH)^2– ⇌ VO₄^3– H	–14.26
2 VO₃(OH)^2– ⇌ V₂O₇^4– H₂O	0.56
3 VO₃(OH)^2– 3 H⇌ V₃O₉^3– 3 H₂O	31.81
V₁₀O₂₆(OH)₂^4– ⇌ V₁₀O₂₇(OH)^5– 3 H	–3.6
V₁₀O₂₇(OH)^5– ⇌ V₁₀O₂₈^6– H	–6.15
VO₂ H₂O ⇌ VO₂OH H		–3.25 ± 0.1
VO₂ 3 H₂O ⇌ VO₂(OH)₃^2- 3 H		–15.74 ± 0.19
VO₂ 4 H₂O ⇌ VO₂(OH)₄^3- 4 H		–30.03 ± 0.24
2 VO₂ 4 H₂O ⇌ (VO₂)₂(OH)₄^2- 4 H		–11.66 ± 0.53
2 VO₂ 5 H₂O ⇌ (VO₂)₂(OH)₅^3- 5 H		–20.91 ± 0.22
2 VO₂ 6 H₂O ⇌ (VO₂)₂(OH)₆^4- 6 H		–32.43 ± 0.30
4 VO₂ 8 H₂O ⇌ (VO₂)₄(OH)8^4- 8 H		–20.78 ± 0.33
4 VO₂ 9 H₂O ⇌ (VO₂)₄(OH)₉^5- 9 H		–31.85 ± 0.26
4 VO₂ 10 H₂O ⇌ (VO₂)₄(OH)₁₀^6- 10 H		–45.85 ± 0.26
5 VO₂ 10 H₂O ⇌ (VO₂)₅(OH)₁₀^5- 10 H		–27.02 ± 0.34
10 VO₂ 14 H₂O ⇌ (VO₂)₁₀(OH)₁₄^4- 14 H		–10.5 ± 0.3
10 VO₂ 15 H₂O ⇌ (VO₂)₁₀(OH)₁₅^5- 15 H		–15.73 ± 0.33
10 VO₂ 16 H₂O ⇌ (VO₂)₁₀(OH)₁₆^6- 16 H		–23.90 ± 0.35
⁠1/2⁠ V₂O₅(c) H ⇌ VO₂ ⁠1/2⁠ H₂O	–0.66
V₂O₅(s) 2 H ⇌ 2 VO₂ H₂O		–0.64 ± 0.09

Ytterbium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[149]
Yb³ H₂O ⇌ YbOH² H	−7.7	−7.31 ± 0.18
Yb³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Yb(OH)₂ 2 H	(−15.8)
Yb³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Yb(OH)₃ 3 H	(−24.1)
Yb³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Yb(OH)₄⁻ 4 H	−32.7
2 Yb³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Yb₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H		−13.76 ± 0.20
3 Yb³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Yb₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H		−30.6 ± 0.3
Yb(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Yb³ 3 H₂O	14.7	15.35 ± 0.20

Yttrium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[28]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[29]
Y³ H₂O ⇌ YOH² H	–7.7	–7.77 ± 0.06
Y³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Y(OH)₂ 2 H	(–16.4) [Estimation]
Y³ 3 H₂O ⇌ Y(OH)₃ 3 H	(–26.0) [Estimation]
Y³ 4 H₂O ⇌ Y(OH)₄^- 4 H	–36.5
2 Y³ 2 H₂O ⇌ Y₂(OH)₂⁴ 2 H	–14.23	–14.1 ± 0.2
3 Y³ 5 H₂O ⇌ Y₃(OH)₅⁴ 5 H	–31.6	–32.7 ± 0.3
Y(OH)₃(s) 3 H ⇌ Y³ 3 H₂O	17.5	17.32 ± 0.30

Zinc

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[150]	Powell and Brown, 2013^[151]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[152]
Zn² H₂O ⇌ ZnOH H	−8.96	−8.96 ± 0.05	−8.94 ± 0.06
Zn² 2 H₂O ⇌ Zn(OH)₂ 2 H	−16.9	–17.82 ± 0.08	−17.89 ± 0.15
Zn² 3 H₂O ⇌ Zn(OH)₃^- 3 H	−28.4	–28.05 ± 0.05	−27.98 ± 0.10
Zn² 4 H₂O ⇌ Zn(OH)₄^2- 4 H	−41.2	–40.41 ± 0.12	−40.35 ± 0.22
2 Zn² H₂O ⇌ Zn₂OH³ H	−9.0	–7.9 ± 0.2	−7.89 ± 0.31
2 Zn² 6 H₂O ⇌ Zn₂(OH)₆^2- 6 H	−57.8
ZnO(s) 2 H ⇌ Zn² H₂O	11.14	11.12 ± 0.05	11.11 ± 0.10
ε-Zn(OH)₂(s) 2 H ⇌ Zn² 2 H₂O		11.38 ± 0.20	11.38± 0.20
β₁-Zn(OH)₂(s) 2 H ⇌ Zn² 2 H₂O		11.72 ± 0.04
β₂-Zn(OH)₂(s) 2 H ⇌ Zn² 2 H₂O		11.76 ± 0.04
γ-Zn(OH)₂(s) 2 H ⇌ Zn² 2 H₂O		11.70 ± 0.04
δ-Zn(OH)₂(s) 2 H ⇌ Zn² 2 H₂O		11.81 ± 0.04

Zirconium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:


Reaction	Baes and Mesmer, 1976^[54]	Thoenen et al., 2014^[93]	Brown and Ekberg, 2016^[153]
Zr⁴ H₂O ⇌ ZrOH³ H	0.32	0.32 ± 0.22	0.12 ± 0.12
Zr⁴ 2 H₂O ⇌ Zr(OH)₂² 2 H	(−1.7)*	0.98 ± 1.06*	−0.18 ± 0.17*
Zr⁴ 3 H₂O ⇌ Zr(OH)₃ 3 H	(−5.1)
Zr⁴ 4 H₂O ⇌ Zr(OH)₄ 4 H	–9.7*	–2.19 ± 0.70*	−4.53 ± 0.37*
Zr⁴ 5 H₂O ⇌ Zr(OH)₅^– 5 H	–16.0
Zr⁴ 6 H₂O ⇌ Zr(OH)₆^2– 6 H		–29± 0.70	–30.5 ± 0.3
3 Zr⁴ 4 H₂O ⇌ Zr₃(OH)₄⁸ 4 H	–0.6	0.4 ± 0.3	0.90 ± 0.18
3 Zr⁴ 5 H₂O ⇌ Zr₃(OH)₅⁷ 5 H	3.70
3 Zr⁴ 9 H₂O ⇌ Zr₃(OH)₉³ 9 H		12.19 ± 0.20	12.19 ± 0.20
4 Zr⁴ 8 H₂O ⇌ Zr₄(OH)₈⁸ 8 H	6.0	6.52 ± 0.05	6.52 ± 0.05
4 Zr⁴ 15 H₂O ⇌ Zr₄(OH)₁₅ 15 H		12.58± 0.24
4 Zr⁴ 16 H₂O ⇌ Zr₄(OH)₁₆ 16 H		8.39± 0.80
ZrO₂(s) 4 H ⇌ Zr⁴ 2 H₂O	–1.9*		–5.37 ± 0.42*
ZrO₂(s, baddeleyite) 4 H ⇌ Zr⁴ 2 H₂O		–7 ± 1.6
ZrO₂(am) 4 H ⇌ Zr⁴ 2 H₂O		–3.24± 0.10	–2.97 ± 0.18

*Errors in compilations concerning equilibrium and/or data elaboration. Data not recommended. It is strongly suggested to refer to the original papers.

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