Jump to content

List of wars by death toll

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part of a series on
War
(outline)
History
Military
Battlespace
Weapons
Tactics
List of military tactics
Operational
Strategy
List of military strategies and concepts
Grand strategy
Administrative
Organization
Personnel
Logistics
Science
Law
Theory
Non-warfare
Culture
Related
Lists

This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by war. These numbers include the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of a battle or other military wartime actions, as well as wartime/war-related deaths of civilians which are often results of war-induced epidemics, famines, genocide, etc. Due to incomplete records, the destruction of evidence, differing methods of counting, and various other reasons, death tolls of wars have often been quite uncertain, and heavily debated.

While the definition of war isn't entirely clear-cut, there is a general understanding of what it is. Merriam-Webster defines war as "a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations",[1] Oxford English Dictionary defines war as "hostile contention by means of armed forces, carried on between nations, states, or rulers, or between parties in the same nation or state; the employment of armed forces against a foreign power, or against an opposing party in the state",[2] and Encyclopædia Britannica defines war as "a conflict between political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and magnitude".[3]

This list excludes mass killings and atrocities not explicitly classified as genocides, as well as genocides occurring outside of wartime, human sacrifices, ethnic cleansing operations, and acts of state terrorism or political repression during peacetime.[a]

List

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
War Death
range 		Date Combatants Location
World War II 50–85 million[4][5][6] 1939–1945 Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers Global
Mongol invasions and conquests 20–60 million[7][8][9][10] 1207–1405 Mongol Empire vs. various states in Eurasia Asia and Europe
Three Kingdoms 34 million[10] 220–280 Multiple sides China
Taiping Rebellion 20–30 million[11][12] 1850–1864 Qing Dynasty vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom China
World War I 15–30 million[13][14] 1914–1918 Allied Powers vs. Central Powers Global
Manchu Conquest of China 25 million[15][16] 1618–1683 Manchu vs. Ming Dynasty China
Conquests of Timur 7–20 million[10] 1369–1405 Timurid Empire vs. various states in Asia Central Asia, West Asia, and South Asia
An Lushan rebellion 13 million[17] 754–763 Tang Dynasty and Uyghur Khaganate vs. Yan Dynasty China
Thirty Years' War 4–12 million[18] 1618–1648 Anti-Imperial Alliance vs. Imperial Alliance Europe
Spanish conquest of Mexico 10.5 million[19] 1519–1530 Spanish Empire and allies vs. Aztec Empire and allies Mexico
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 10 million[20] 1533–1572 Spanish Empire vs. Inca Empire South America
Russian Civil War 7–10 million[21] 1917–1922 Multiple sides; Bolsheviks, Anti-Bolshevik left, White Movement, Allied and Central Intervention, as well as various separatists Russia
Chinese Civil War 4–9 million[22] 1927–1949[b] Multiple sides; but predominantly Communists vs. Kuomintang China
Crusades 1–9 million[25][26] 1095–1291 Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuk Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims Europe and the Middle East
Reconquista 7 million[27] 718–1492 Spanish and Portuguese Christians vs. Spanish and Portuguese Muslims Iberian Peninsula
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 5–7 million[28] 1792–1815 French Republic, later French Empire, vs. Coalition forces Europe
Conquests of Menelik II 6 million[29] 1878–1904 Ethiopian Empire vs. Emirate of Harar, Kingdom of Kaffa, Kingdom of Wolaita, and allies Horn of Africa
Second Congo War 3–5.4 million[30][31][32] 1998–2003 Multiple sides Democratic Republic of the Congo
Spanish conquest of New Granada 5.25 million[33][34] 1525–1540 Spanish Empire and Klein-Venedig vs. Muisca Confederation and other civilizations Colombia
Deccan wars 4.6–5 million[35] 1680–1707 Mughal Empire vs. Maratha Confederacy Indian subcontinent
Nigerian Civil War 3.04–4.1 million[36][37] 1967–1970 Nigeria vs. Biafra Nigeria
Deluge 3–4 milion[38] 1648–1666 Poland–Lithuania vs Swedish Empire and Russia Eastern Europe
French Wars of Religion 2–4 million[39] 1562–1598 French catholics vs Huguenots France
Korean War 2.5–3.5 million[40][22] 1950–1953 North Korea and allies vs. South Korea and allies Korean Peninsula
Vietnam War 1.1–3.4 million[41][42] 1955–1975 North Vietnam and allies vs. South Vietnam and allies Indochina
Hundred Years' War 2.3–3.3 million[43][44] 1337–1453 House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet Western Europe
Afghan conflict 1.17–3 million[45][46][47] 1978–present Multiple sides; Afghan mujahideen, later Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, United Tajik Opposition vs. Soviet Union, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Northern Alliance, Tajikistan, and the United States-led coalition Afghanistan, Pakistan and Tajikistan
Delhi Conquest of North India 0.5–3 million[48] 1300–1310 Delhi Sultanate vs. North Indian States Indian subcontinent
Bangladesh Liberation War 0.3–3 million[49][50] 1971 India and Provisional Government of Bangladesh vs. Pakistan Indian subcontinent
Mexican Revolution 1.7–2.7 million[51] 1910–1920 Anti-government vs. Pro-government Mexico
Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence 1.75–2 million[52][53][54] 1961–1991[c] EPRDF, later EPLF vs. Derg and People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Horn of Africa
Russo-Circassian War and Caucasian War 1.5–2 million[55] 1763–1864 Circassian Confederation, Principality of Abkhazia, and Caucasian Imamate vs. Russian Empire Caucasus
Second Sudanese Civil War 1–2 million[56][57] 1983–2005 Sudan vs. SSPDF Sudan
Tây Sơn wars 1–2 million[58][59] 1771-1802 Tây Sơn dynasty vs. Nguyễn lords, Kingdom of Cambodia, Rattanakosin Kingdom, and Kingdom of France Indochina
Akbar's Conquest of North India 1–2 million[60] 1556–1605 Mughal Empire vs. North Indian States Indian subcontinent
Indian Rebellion of 1857 0.8–2 million[61] 1857–1858 United Kingdom and allies vs. Indian rebels and allies Indian subcontinent
Balkan Wars 0.75–1.77 million[62][63] 1912–1913 Ottoman Empire vs. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro; later Bulgaria vs. Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Romania Balkans
Algerian War 0.4–1.6 million[64][65] 1954–1962 France vs. Separatists National Liberation Front, Algerian National Movement, and Algerian Communist Party North Africa
French conquest of Algeria 0.98–1.48 million[66][67][68] 1830–1903 France vs. Regency of Algiers, Emirate of Abdelkader, Kingdom of Beni Abbas, and allies North Africa
Gallic Wars 1.47 million[69][70][71] 58 BCE–50 BCE Roman Empire vs. Gauls Gaul
Jewish-Roman wars 0.35–1.4 million[72][73] 66–135 Roman Empire vs. Judean provisional government Fertile Crescent
War of the Spanish Succession 0.4–1.25 million[74][75] 1701–1714 Habsburg Spain, Great Britain, Holy Roman Empire, and allies vs. Bourboun Spain, Kingdom of France, and allies Global
Franco-Prussian War 1.15 million[76][77] 1870–1871 Second French Empire, later Third French Republic vs. North German Confederation Central Europe
Japanese invasions of Korea 1 million [78] 1592–1598 Joseon and Ming dynasty vs. Japan Korean Peninsula
Panthay Rebellion 1 million[79] 1856–1873 Qing Dynasty vs. Pingnan Guo China
Seven Years' War 1 million[80] 1756–1763 Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia, Hanover, Portugal, and allies vs. Kingdom of France, Habsburg empire, Saxony, Spain, and allies Global
American Civil War 0.6–1 million[81][82] 1861–1865 United States vs. Confederate States North America
First Sudanese Civil War 0.5–1 million[83][84] 1955–1972 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, later Democratic Republic of the Sudan vs. Sudan Defence Force Sudan
First Indochina War 0.4–0.84 million[85][86] 1946–1954 Viet Minh, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Issarak vs. French Union Indochina
Burundian Civil War 0.55–0.8 million[87][88] 1993–2005 Burundi vs. Ethnic Hutu vs. Tutsi Militants Rwanda and Burundi
Second Punic War 0.77 million[89] 218 BCE–201 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
War of Austrian Succession 0.75 million[90] 1740–1748 France, Prussia, Spain, and allies vs. Habsburg monarchy, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, and allies Europe, Americas, and Indian subcontinent
Nine Years' War 0.68 million[91] 1688–1697 Kingdom of France vs. Grand Alliance Europe
Crimean War 0.61–0.67 million[92][93][94] 1853–1856 Russian Empire vs. Ottoman Empire, France and United Kingdom Crimea, Black Sea, Caucasus and Balkans
Warring States period and Qin's wars of unification 0.65 million[95] 475 BCE–221 BCE Multiple sides China
Syrian civil war 0.58–0.61 million[96][97] 2011–present Multiple sides Levant
Mexican War of Independence 0.6 million[98] 1810–1821 Mexican patriots vs. Spanish Empire North and Central America
Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars 0.6 million[99] 1362–1443 Vijayanagara Empire and Musunuri Nayakas vs. Bahmani Sultanate Indian subcontinent
Turkish War of Independence 0.4–0.6 million[100][101] 1919–1923 Turkey vs. Greece, France, United Kingdom, and Armenia Anatolia
Tigray War 0.16–0.6 million[102][103] 2020–2022 Ethiopia and Eritrea vs. Tigray People's Liberation Front and allies Horn of Africa
Northern Wars 0.57 million[104][105][106][107] 1554–1721 Tsardom of Russia, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and allies vs. Swedish Empire and allies Northern and Eastern Europe
Roman-Germanic wars 0.54 million[108][109] 113 BCE–774 Roman Republic, later Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire vs. Germanic tribes Germania
First Punic War 0.4–0.54 million[110][111] 264 BCE–241 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
Iran-Iraq War 0.45–0.5 million[112][113] 1980–1988 Islamic Republic of Iran vs. Iraqi Republic Iran and Iraq
Paraguayan War 0.15–0.5 million[114] 1864–1870 Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay vs. Paraguay South America
Uganda-Tanzania War and Ugandan Bush War 0.1–0.5 million[115][116][117][118] 1978–1986 Uganda vs. Tanzania, National Liberation Front, and National Resistance Movement Uganda and Tanzania
Papua conflict 0.1–0.5 million[119][120] 1962–present Indonesia vs. Free Papua Movement New Guinea
Eighty Years' War 0.1–0.5 million[121] 1566–1648 Spanish Empire vs. Separatist Dutch Republic Low Countries
Spanish Civil War 0.35–0.47 million[122][123][124] 1936–1939[d] Nationalists vs. Republicans Iberian Peninsula
Colombian conflict 0.45 million[128] 1964–present Colombia vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries vs. FARC Colombia
Polish–Ottoman Wars 0.43 million[129][130] 1485–1699 Poland-Lithuania, Holy League, and allies vs. Ottoman Empire and allies Central Europe and Balkans
Roman–Greek wars 0.42 million[131] 280 BCE–30 BCE Roman Republic vs. Greek states, later Greek rebels and Ptolemaic Kingdom Peloponnese Peninsula, Balkans, Anatolia, Egypt and Italy
Maratha invasions of Bengal 0.4 million[132][133] 1741–1751 Maratha Confederacy vs. Bengal Nawab Indian subcontinent
Colombian War of Independence 0.4 million[134] 1810–1825 Colombian patriots vs. Spanish Empire Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
Third Indochina War 0.4 million[135] 1975–1991 Democratic Kampuchea, China, and Thailand vs. Vietnam, Laos, and People's Republic of Kampuchea vs. Communist Party of Thailand Indochina
War in Darfur 0.4 million[136] 2003–2020 Sudan vs. SRF and SLM/A Sudan
Mexican war on drugs 0.35–0.4 million[137][138] 2006–present Mexico vs drug cartels Mexico
Song–Đại Việt war 0.25–0.4 million[139][140] 1075–1077 Song Dynasty vs. Đại Việt Indochina
Cuban Wars of Independence and Spanish–American War 0.39 million[141][142] 1868–1898 United States, Cuban Revolutionaries, and Philippine Revolutionaries vs. Spanish Empire Caribbean and the Philippines
South Sudanese Civil War 0.38 million[143] 2013–2020 South Sudan vs. SPLM-IO, Nuer White Army, and SSDM South Sudan
Yemeni civil war 0.15–0.37 million[144][145] 2014–present Multiple sides Yemen
Boko Haram insurgency 0.03–0.35 million[146] 2009–present Multinational Joint Task Force vs. Boko Haram Nigeria
Franco-Dutch War 0.34 million[147] 1672–1678 Kingdom of France vs. Dutch Republic Western Europe
Ottoman–Venetian wars 0.34 million[148][149] 1415–1718 Ottoman Empire vs. Holy League Mediterranean Sea, Greece and Cyprus
Liberian Civil Wars and Sierra Leone Civil War 0.3–0.32 million[150][151][152] 1989–2003 Liberian government, Revolutionary United Front vs. National Patriotic Front of Liberia, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, Sierra Leone West Africa
Goguryeo–Sui War 0.3 million[153][154] 598–614 Sui Dynasty vs. Goguryeo Manchuria and Korean Peninsula
Carlist Wars 0.3 million[155] 1833–1876 Carlists vs. Liberals and Republicans Iberian Peninsula
Iraqi conflict 0.27–0.3 million[156] 2003–2017 Multiple sides Levant
Gulf War 0.17–0.3 million[157][158] 1990–1991[e] Kuwait and the United States-led coalition vs. Iraq Kuwait and Iraq
Roman conquest of Britain 0.13–0.29 million[159][160][161] 43–84 Roman Empire vs. Celtic Britons Great Britain
Russo-Ukrainian War 0.12–0.28 million[162][163][164][165][166] 2014–present Russia vs. Ukraine Eastern Europe and the Black Sea
Philippine–American War 0.21–0.27 million[167] 1899–1913 United States vs. Philippine Republic, later Tagalog Republic, Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of Maguindanao Philippines
Burmese–Siamese wars 0.26 million[168][169] 1547–1855 Thailand vs. Myanmar Southeast Asia
Kalinga War 0.25 million[170] 262 BCE–261 BCE Maurya Empire vs. Kalinga Indian subcontinent
First Congo War 0.25 million[171] 1996–1997 Zaire vs. AFDL Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cristero War 0.25 million[172] 1926–1929 Mexico vs. Cristeros Mexico
Greek War of Independence 0.24 million[173][174] 1821–1829 Ottoman Empire vs. Separatist First Hellenic Republic Balkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Myanmar conflict 0.23 million[175][176] 1948–present National Unity Government of Myanmar vs. State Administration Council Myanmar
American Revolution 0.18–0.23 million[177][178] 1775–1783 American Patriots vs. Great Britain North America
Chechen conflict 0.08–0.23 million[179][180][181][182][183][184] 1994–2009 Russia vs. Separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Caucasus
Arab-Israeli conflict 0.2–1.07 million[185][186][187][188][189][190] 1948[f]–present Israel vs. Arab League, Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthi movement Levant
Indian Invasion of Hyderabad 0.2 million[192][193] 1948 India vs. Hyderabad Indian subcontinent
La Violencia 0.2 million[194] 1948–1958 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
Greco-Persian Wars 0.2 million[195] 499 BCE–449 BCE Greek city-states vs. Achaemenid Empire Southeast Europe, West Asia, and Northeast Africa
Guatemalan Civil War 0.14–0.2 million[196][197] 1960–1996 Government of Guatemala vs. Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Central America
North Yemen civil war 0.1–0.2 million[198][199] 1962–1970 Kingdom of Yemen vs. Yemen Arab Republic Yemen
Italo-Senussi Wars 0.07-0.2 million[200][201][202] 1911–1934 Kingdom of Italy vs. Senusiyya, Ottoman Empire North Africa
Portuguese Colonial War 0.14–0.18 million[203][204][205] 1961–1974 Estado Novo vs. MPLA, PAIGC, FNLA, among others Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique
Thousand Days' War 0.1–0.18 million[206] 1899–1902 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
Sri Lankan Civil War 0.08–0.17 million[207][208] 1983[g]–2009 Sri Lankan government vs. Separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Sri Lanka
Russo-Japanese War 0.12–0.16 million[210] 1904–1905 Empire of Japan vs. Russian Empire East Asia
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 0.15 million[211][212] 2023–present Sudan and allies vs. Rapid Support Forces and allies Sudan
Algerian Civil War 0.15 million[213] 1992–2002 Multiple sides North Africa
Lebanese Civil War 0.12–0.15 million[214][215][216] 1975–1990 Multiple sides Levant
Greek Civil War 0.08–0.15 million[217][218] 1946–1949 Kingdom of Greece vs. Provisional Democratic Government Balkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Yugoslav Wars 0.13–0.14 million[219][220] 1991–2001 Separatist forces and NATO vs. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, later Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Balkans
Irish Nine Year's War 0.13 million[221] 1593–1603 Kingdom of England vs. Irish rebels Ireland
Chaco War 0.08–0.13 million[222][223][224] 1932–1935 Paraguay vs. Bolivia Paraguay and Bolivia
Federal War 0.1 million[225] 1859–1863 Federalists vs. Conservatives Venezuela
Congo Crisis 0.1 million[226] 1960–1965 Republic of the Congo, later Democratic Republic of the Congo, and allies vs. Free Republic of the Congo, South Kasai, Katanga, Kwilu rebels, Simba rebels, and allies Republic of the Congo
Wars of Alexander the Great 0.1 million[227][228][229] 336 BCE–323 BCE Macedonian Empire vs. Achaemenid Empire among others Greece, Balkans, Anatolia, Persia, Middle East, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent

Charts and graphs

[edit]
Bubble chart of wars with over 1.5 million deaths.[230]
Number of combatants who died due to fighting in interstate and civil wars. This excludes civilian deaths, which can make the death tolls much larger.
Combatant deaths in conventional wars, 1800-2011.[231]
Seven deadliest wars after 1900. The length of each spiral segment is proportional to the war's duration and its area size to its death toll.[232]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Some examples would include the Dirty War (22,000–30,000 killed), the Cultural Revolution (0.4-20 million killed), the Rubber Terror (1.5-13 million killed), the excess mortality period in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (3.2-9 million killed), the Transatlantic slave trade, the Arab slave trade, the Native American Indian genocide, the Human sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures (20,000-250,000 killed yearly in the Aztec Empire alone), the Dzungar genocide (420,000-480,000 killed), or the Herero and Nama genocide (34,000-110,000 killed). Information about these events might be found in the List of genocides or in the List of ethnic cleansing campaigns.
  2. ^ Before 1927, violence had erupted in the Xinhai 1911 Revolution, which brought an end to the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China. Even if major fighting had ceased by 1949, the Chinese Civil War is technically still ongoing, with the "de facto" independent Republic of China in Taiwan still claiming to be the legitimate government of all of China. The People's Republic of China even tried to annex it several times during the Taiwan Strait Crises. Human-caused deaths at a large scale continued with the People's Republic of China starting a Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries until 1953, which led to an additional 712,000-2,000,000 people executed.[23][24]
  3. ^ In the middle of these conflicts, the Ogaden War between Ethiopia and Somalia took place in the Horn of Africa, and left some 37,000 people killed, being this a phase of the Ethiopian–Somali conflict.
  4. ^ While the civil war ended in 1939, mass killings would continue until 1947, during the White Terror period, which led to the extermination of 160,000-400,000 liberals, socialists of different stripes, Protestants, intellectuals, homosexual people, Freemasons, Jews, and Basque, Catalan, Andalusian, and Galician nationalists.[125][126][127]
  5. ^ A no-fly zone was imposed on Iraq following this conflict, which led to several cruise missile strikes against it between 1991 and 2003, some of them in response to Iraqi actions during the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (that lasted between 1994 and 1997), and others due to Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction.
  6. ^ While the starting point of the conflict is usually denoted as the 1948 Arab-Israeli War or the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, violent strife emerged in the region as soon as 1920 during the Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine.[191]
  7. ^ Political violence in the country has been recorded as early as 1954.[209]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "war". Merriam-Webster.
  2. ^ "war". Oxford English Dictionary.
  3. ^ Frankel, Joseph (21 September 2024). "war". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  4. ^ "Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II". National World War II Museum.
  5. ^ "World War II". National Park Service.
  6. ^ "World War II". High Point Museum.
  7. ^ Ho, Ping-Ti (1970). "An estimate of the total population of Sung-Chin China". Histoire et institutions, 1. pp. 33–54. doi:10.1515/9783111542737-007. ISBN 978-3-11-154273-7. OCLC 8159945824.
  8. ^ McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard M. (1978). Atlas of World Population History. New York, NY: Puffin. p. 172. ISBN 9780140510768.
  9. ^ Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population". Academic Press. p.34. ISBN 0-12-765660-X
  10. ^ a b c "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century". Necrometrics.
  11. ^ "Taiping Rebellion". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 August 2024.
  12. ^ Platt, Stephen R. (2012). Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War. New York: Knopf. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-0-307-27173-0.
  13. ^ Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Krumeich, Gerd; Renz, Irina (2012). Brill's Encyclopedia of the First World War (Revised ed.). Brill. ISBN 9789004233768.
  14. ^ "First World War Defining Moments, 1914–1918". National Museum of Australia.
  15. ^ "To history, today's violence is a speck". South China Morning Post. 28 October 2011.
  16. ^ "5 Of The 10 Deadliest Wars Began In China". Business Insider. 6 October 2014.
  17. ^ White, Matthew (2012). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities. W. W. Norton. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
  18. ^ Daudin, Pascal (23 May 2017). "The Thirty Years' War: The first modern war?". International Committee of the Red Cross.
  19. ^ Borah/Cook 1989: "El pasado de México: aspectos sociodemográficos" 218-219
  20. ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com.
  21. ^ Mawdsley, Evan (24 February 2009). The Russian Civil War. Simon and Schuster. p. xi. ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3. But their hold on power was bought at the price of great suffering and an unknown but terrible number of deaths — perhaps seven to ten million in all.
  22. ^ a b "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics.
  23. ^ "MAO'S "KILLING QUOTAS"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-29.
  24. ^ Brookman, Fiona; Maguire, Edward R.; Maguire, Mike (29 March 2017). The Handbook of Homicide. John Wiley & Sons. p. 470. ISBN 978-1-118-92448-8.
  25. ^ Hittell, John Shertzer (25 April 2017). A Brief History of Culture. Fb&c Limited. p. 137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain...". ISBN 9780286339288.
  26. ^ Robertson, John M. (1931) [1902]. A Short History of Christianity (Third ed.). Watts & Co. p. 169: "nine million".
  27. ^ Kabha, Mustafa (2023). "The Fall of Al-Andalus and the Evolution of its Memory in Modern Arab-Muslim Historiography". The Maghreb Review. 48 (3): 289–303. doi:10.1353/tmr.2023.a901468. ISSN 2754-6772.
  28. ^ Esdaile, Charles (2007). Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815. Viking. p. 561. ISBN 9780670020300. The watchword of the Congress, in fact, was not reaction, but rather peace, and, in the wake of the estimated five to seven million deaths of the French Wars, one can thank God for it.
  29. ^ Gemeda, Eshete (2012). African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 186. ISBN 978-3-643-90233-7.
  30. ^ "Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Council on Foreign Relations.
  31. ^ Bavier, Joe (22 January 2008). "Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study". Reuters.
  32. ^ Moszynski, Peter (2 February 2008). "5.4 million people have died in Democratic Republic of Congo since 1998 because of conflict, report says". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 336 (7638): 235. doi:10.1136/bmj.39475.524282.DB. PMC 2223004. PMID 18244974.
  33. ^ Jaime Jaramillo Uribe. "Ensayos de historia social: La sociedad neogranadina" (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  34. ^ "Caída de la población indígena en Colombia, 1500-1630: tres escenarios" [Decline of the indigenous population in Colombia, 1500-1630: three scenarios] (PDF). Banco de la República.
  35. ^ White, Matthew (2011-10-20). Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements. Canongate Books. ISBN 978-0-85786-125-2.
  36. ^ Stevenson, J. (2014). "Capitol gains: How foreign military intervention and the elite quest for international recognition cause mass killing in new states". University of Chicago Press. S2CID 155490944.
  37. ^ "Nigerian Civil War | Summary, Causes, Death Toll, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-09-18. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  38. ^ Instytut Historii (Polska Akademia Nauk) (1957). Polska w okresie drugiej wojny pólnocnej, 1655-1660 [Poland during the Second Northern War] (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. pp. 271–280.
  39. ^ Robert Knecht (2002-06-25). The French Religious Wars 1562-1598 (Essential Histories). Internet Archive. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-395-8.
  40. ^ Millett, Allan (25 August 2024). "Korean War". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  41. ^ Rummel, R.J. "Statistics of Vietnamese Democide". University of Hawaiʻi.
  42. ^ "How many people died in the Vietnam War?". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  43. ^ Heller, Henry. Labour, Science and Technology in France 1500-1620. ISBN 9780521550314.
  44. ^ Baumgartner, Frederic J. (14 November 1995). France in the Sixteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 9780312158569.
  45. ^ "Human Costs of U.S. Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones | Figures | Costs of War". The Costs of War. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  46. ^ Joes, Anthony James (2010-10-20). Victorious Insurgencies: Four Rebellions that Shaped Our World. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2614-2.
  47. ^ "The Peace Deal That Ended Tajikistan's Bloody Civil War". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  48. ^ Conquest of Malwa (1305): 10,000-20,000 Hindus killed Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351) - Campaigns against the Rajputs: 50,000–100,000 Rajputs killed Rebellion against Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1327-1351): 100,000–200,000 casualties Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388) - Campaigns against the Jats and Rajputs: 20,000–40,000 killed Total Deaths500,000–3,000,000 deaths Sources: 1. Minhaj-i-Siraj's Tabakat-i-Nasiri 2. Hasan Nizami's Taj-ul-Ma'sir 3. Amir Khusrau's Khazain-ul-Futuh 4. Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi
  49. ^ Bolinger, Kylee (2021). Methods of Memorialization: Holocaust Commemoration in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Thesis). Portland State University Library. doi:10.15760/honors.1191.
  50. ^ "The Past has yet to Leave the Present: Genocide in Bangladesh". Harvard International Review. 1 February 2023.
  51. ^ Rummel, Rudolph. "Table 11.1 The Mexican Democide Line 39". Statistics of Mexican Democide.
  52. ^ Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J L; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008-06-28). "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 336 (7659): 1482–1486. doi:10.1136/bmj.a137. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2440905. PMID 18566045.
  53. ^ "Mengistu Leaves Ethiopia in Shambles". Washington Post. 2024-01-02. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  54. ^ De Waal, Alexander; Human Rights Watch (Organization) (1991). Evil days: thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. unknown library. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-038-4.
  55. ^ "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide – American University: Journal of International Service". 2024-02-23. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  56. ^ "Civil War in Sudan". Global Conflict Tracker. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  57. ^ Foundation, World Peace. "Sudan: 1985 – 2005 | Mass Atrocity Endings". Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  58. ^ Dutton, George (2006). The Tây Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2984-1. JSTOR j.ctt6wqv93.
  59. ^ Khanh, Tran (1993). The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam. Indochina Unit. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-981-3016-66-8.
  60. ^ Historian John F. Richards estimates that the cumulative impact of Akbar’s campaigns in the north, including the Siege of Ranthambore and the Third Battle of Panipat, led to the deaths of 1 million people or more, both from direct military action and the resulting famines and displacements (John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire, 1993). Similarly, Satish Chandra’s analysis highlights the widespread destruction and execution orders that contributed to a high civilian death toll (Satish Chandra, Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals, 1997). The total number of deaths resulting from the Mughal conquest of North India (1526–1605) is difficult to ascertain, as historical records from the period do not provide exact cumulative figures. However, estimates from modern historians suggest that between 1 million and 2 million people, including both military personnel and civilians, perished as a result of warfare, massacres, and famines caused by the Mughal campaigns.
  61. ^ Peers, Douglas M. (2013), India Under Colonial Rule: [Pg-64] 1700–1885, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-88286-2
  62. ^ Hupchick, D. (2002-01-11). The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Springer. ISBN 978-0-312-29913-2.
  63. ^ "1912-1913 Balkan Wars; Death and Forced Exile of Ottoman Muslims, An Annotated Map" (PDF).
  64. ^ "France remembers the Algerian War, 50 years on". France 24. 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  65. ^ "STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS; Estimates, Calculations, And Sources".
  66. ^ Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (2010-04-15). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-923211-6.
  67. ^ Greenhalgh, Michael (2014-05-08). The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman Landscape of North Africa, 1830-1900 (in French). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-27163-0.
  68. ^ Kateb, Kamel (2001). Européens, "indigènes" et juifs en Algérie (1830-1962): représentations et réalités des populations (in French). INED. ISBN 978-2-7332-0145-9.
  69. ^ Alexandria, Appian of (2016-03-23). Delphi Complete Works of Appian (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-78656-370-5.
  70. ^ "Warlords of Republican Rome: Caesar versus Pompey | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  71. ^ Caesar, Julius; Handford, S. A. (Stanley Alexander); Gardner, Jane F. (1982). The conquest of Gaul. Internet Archive. London ; New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044433-9.
  72. ^ White, Matthew. The Great Big Book of Horrible Things. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 531. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
  73. ^ Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1982). "The Destruction: From Scripture to Midrash". Prooftexts. 2 (1): 18–39. ISSN 0272-9601. JSTOR 20689020.
  74. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  75. ^ Levy, Jack S. (1983). War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495–1975. University Press of Kentucky. doi:10.2307/j.ctt130jjmm. JSTOR j.ctt130jjmm.
  76. ^ Nolte, Frédérick (1884). L'Europe militaire et diplomatique au dix-neuvième siècle, 1815-1884 (in French). E. Plon, Nourrit et Ce.
  77. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  78. ^ Jones, Geo H. (1899). "The Japanese Invasion of Korea — 1592" (PDF). The China Review. 23 (5): 234. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2018-05-13. Thus ended for a time one of the bloodiest wars in history. During the two years and more the loss of life was frightful; nothing remains upon which to base a reliable estimate, but the War Monument at Kiuto, and the accounts of such battles as Kyong-chu, Choung-chu, Haing chu, the Im Chiu River, Pyongyang, Yenan, the massacre at Söul, Ulsan and Chiu-chu, and fifty other engagements would make a million lives a conservative estimate.
  79. ^ "Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century". Necrometrics.
  80. ^ Danley, Mark; Speelman, Patrick (2012-11-09). The Seven Years' War: Global Views. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-23408-6.
  81. ^ "CBS News/New York Times Monthly Poll, September 2009". ICPSR Data Holdings. 2011-05-09. doi:10.3886/icpsr27805. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  82. ^ Silber, Nina (2018-11-26), "Slaves of the Depression", This War Ain't Over, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 65–98, doi:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469646541.003.0004, ISBN 978-1-4696-4654-1, retrieved 2024-09-25
  83. ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  84. ^ Martell, Peter (2019-04-15). First Raise a Flag: How South Sudan Won the Longest War but Lost the Peace. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-008338-0.
  85. ^ Lomperis, T. (1996). From People's War to People's Rule.
  86. ^ Karnow, S. (1983). Vietnam: a History.
  87. ^ "Rwanda". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  88. ^ "Heavy shelling in Burundi capital". 2008-04-18. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  89. ^ Ayrault Dodge, Theodore. Hannibal: A History of the Art of War Among the Carthaginians and Romans. ISBN 978-1441791368.
  90. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4.
  91. ^ Levy, Jack S. (1983). War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495–1975. University Press of Kentucky. doi:10.2307/j.ctt130jjmm. JSTOR j.ctt130jjmm.
  92. ^ "ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Военная история ]-- Зайончковский А. М. Восточная Война 1853-1856". militera.lib.ru. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  93. ^ Figes, Orlando (2010). Crimea: The Last Crusade. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9704-0.
  94. ^ Kozelsky, Mara (2012). "The Crimean War, 1853-56". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 13 (4): 903–917. doi:10.1353/kri.2012.0047. ISSN 1538-5000.
  95. ^ Zhao, Dingxin (November 2015). In the Age of Total War: Qin and the Drive toward Unification.
  96. ^ "Syria - Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect". 2023-02-06. Archived from the original on 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  97. ^ "Syrian Revolution 13 years on | Nearly 618,000 persons killed since the onset of the revolution in March 2011".
  98. ^ "Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century". Necrometrics.
  99. ^ White, Matthew (2011-10-20). Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements. Canongate Books. ISBN 978-0-85786-125-2.
  100. ^ Death by Government, Rudolph Rummel, 1994.
  101. ^ These are according to the figures provided by Alexander Miasnikyan, the President of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Armenia, in a telegram he sent to the Soviet Foreign Minister Georgy Chicherin in 1921. Miasnikyan's figures were broken down as follows: of the approximately 60,000 Armenians who were killed by the Turkish armies, 30,000 were men, 15,000 women, 5,000 children, and 10,000 young girls. Of the 38,000 who were wounded, 20,000 were men, 10,000 women, 5,000 young girls, and 3,000 children. Instances of mass rape, murder and violence were also reported against the Armenian populace of Kars and Alexandropol: see Vahakn N. Dadrian. (2003). The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 360–361 Archived 9 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 1-57181-666-6.
  102. ^ York, Geoffrey (October 21, 2022). "Surge of dehumanizing hate speech points to mounting risk of mass atrocities in northern Ethiopia, experts say". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Independent scholars, based at Ghent University in Belgium, suggest that the death toll in Tigray is now between 385,000 and 600,000.
  103. ^ Negash, Emnet (24 May 2023). "Updated assessment of civilian starvation deaths during the Tigray war". Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023. As our estimate of the civilian deaths in the Tigray war is regularly mentioned in the media, it seems important to share our evolving understanding and updated (lower) number of civilian deaths as a result of the Tigray war and blockade. We concluded that the IPC/FEWS categorization, on which our Tigray statistics are mainly based, overestimates hunger mortality. Along with developing information on the ground, this would point to a total number of civilian deaths ranging from 162,000 to 378,000.
  104. ^ Isacson, Claes-Göran (2002). Karl X Gustavs krig : fälttågen i Polen, Tyskland, Baltikum, Danmark och Sverige 1655-1660. Historiska Media. ISBN 978-91-89442-57-3.
  105. ^ "Урланис Б. Ц. Войны и народонаселение Европы. Людские потери вооруженных сил Европейских стран в войнах XVII-XX вв. (Историко-статистическое исследование)". prussia.online (in Russian). 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  106. ^ Wolke, Lars Ericson (2004). Svenska knektar: indelta soldater, ryttare och båtsmän i krig och fred (in Swedish). Historiska media. ISBN 978-91-85057-55-9.
  107. ^ Lindegren, Jan (1995), "Det danska och svenska resurssystemet i komparation.", Mellan två statssystem / redaktör: Per Sörlin, pp. S. 11–50, ISBN 978-91-972726-0-5, retrieved 2024-10-01
  108. ^ "Cimbrian War: Rome's Greatest Threat Since Hannibal". TheCollector. 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  109. ^ "Probus, Summer 276 - September 282 A.D."
  110. ^ "First Punic War (264–241 BC) | Dickinson College Commentaries". Dickinson College.
  111. ^ J. Bebber, Robert (August 2021). "The First Punic War: Audacity and Hubris". United States Naval Institute.
  112. ^ Pfetsch, Frank R.; Rohloff, Christoph (2013-10-11). National and International Conflicts, 1945-1995: New Empirical and Theoretical Approaches. Routledge. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-136-35781-7.
  113. ^ "Iran-Iraq War | Causes, Summary, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-09-15. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  114. ^ "Las mayores guerras y genocidios del siglo XIXs". Victimario Histórico Militar (in Spanish). De Re Militari. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  115. ^ "Tribe of Cattle Rustlers Beleaguered". Washington Post. 2023-12-28. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  116. ^ Avirgan, Tony; Honey, Martha (1983). War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin. Tanzania Publishing House. ISBN 978-9976-1-0056-3.
  117. ^ Reid, Richard J. (2017-03-02). A History of Modern Uganda. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-06720-2.
  118. ^ Sivard, Ruth Leger (1987). World military and social expenditures, 1987-88. Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: World Priorities. ISBN 978-0-918281-05-0.
  119. ^ Jacob, Frank (2019-08-05). Genocide and Mass Violence in Asia: An Introductory Reader. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 183. ISBN 978-3-11-065905-4.
  120. ^ Crocombe, R. G. (2007). Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West. IPS publications, University of the South Pacific. p. 287. ISBN 978-982-02-0388-4.
  121. ^ Mark, Joshua J. "Eighty Years' War". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  122. ^ "Spanish Civil War: Casualties". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  123. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007. Internet Archive. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3319-3.
  124. ^ Casanova, Julián (2010-07-29). The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49057-3.
  125. ^ Beevor, Antony (2006). The battle for Spain : the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303765-1.
  126. ^ "A Time of Silence; Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936-1945".
  127. ^ "LOS DESAPARECIDOS DE FRANCO; La Guerra Civil no ha terminado".
  128. ^ "Colombia Truth Commission Gives Scathing Report on Civil War". Voice of America. June 28, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  129. ^ Davies, Brian L. (2007). Warfare, state and society on the Black Sea steppe : 1500-1700. Internet Archive. London ; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23985-1.
  130. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  131. ^ "Manius Aquillius and the First Mithridatic War". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  132. ^ Kirti N. Chaudhuri (2006). The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660-1760. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780521031592.
  133. ^ P. J. Marshall (2006). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780521028226.
  134. ^ "Nineteenth Century Death Tolls". Necrometrics. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  135. ^ Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO, datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Quản lý chỉ đạo/Chuyên đề 4.doc
  136. ^ "Genocide In Darfur - Holocaust Museum Houston". hmh.org. 2023-08-02. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  137. ^ "UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  138. ^ "Opinión | Una guerra inventada y 350,000 muertos en México". Washington Post. 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  139. ^ Chapuis, Oscar (1995-08-30). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-313-29622-2.
  140. ^ Churchman, Catherine (2019). "Review of Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 14 (1): 97–103. doi:10.1525/vs.2019.14.1.97. ISSN 1559-372X. JSTOR 26626734.
  141. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  142. ^ Scheina, Robert L. (2003). Latin America's Wars. Brassey's, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-57488-450-0.
  143. ^ "Death toll for South Sudan's civil war climbs to nearly 400,000". The Globe and Mail. 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  144. ^ "Yemen war will have killed 377,000 by year's end: UN". France 24. 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  145. ^ "Yemen: Why is the war there getting more violent?". BBC News. 2014-09-23. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  146. ^ "Northeast Nigeria insurgency has killed almost 350,000 - UN". Reuters.
  147. ^ Levy, Jack S. (1983). War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495–1975. University Press of Kentucky. doi:10.2307/j.ctt130jjmm. JSTOR j.ctt130jjmm.
  148. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007. Internet Archive. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3319-3.
  149. ^ Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The age of wars of religion, 1000-1650 : an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization. Internet Archive. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33045-2.
  150. ^ Momodu, Samuel (2016-07-25). "First Liberian Civil War (1989-1996) •". Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  151. ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  152. ^ "Evaluation of UNDP assistance to conflict-affected countries: Case Study: Sierra Leone" (PDF).
  153. ^ Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A new history of Korea. Internet Archive. Cambridge, Mass.: Published for the Harvard-Yenching Institute by Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-61575-5.
  154. ^ Shi, Li. Book of Zhou and Sui Dynasty: 二十四史 周书 隋书. DeepLogic.
  155. ^ Salvador, Antonio Caridad (2018-05-23). "Las consecuencias socioeconómicas directas de la Primera Guerra Carlista". Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea (in Spanish). 40: 149–167. doi:10.5209/CHCO.60327. ISSN 1988-2734.
  156. ^ "Human Costs of U.S. Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones | Figures | Costs of War". The Costs of War. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  157. ^ "Appendix - Iraqi Death Toll | The Gulf War | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  158. ^ "Remembering The Gulf War: Key Facts And Figures About The Conflict". www.forcesnews.com. 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  159. ^ Gillespie, Caitlin C. (2018-01-15). Boudica: Warrior Woman of Roman Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-087558-9.
  160. ^ Crane, Nicholas (2016-10-13). The Making Of The British Landscape: From the Ice Age to the Present. Orion. ISBN 978-0-297-85735-8.
  161. ^ Copeland, Tim (2014-09-15). Life in a Roman Legionary Fortress. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-4393-9.
  162. ^ "70 000 погибших: что известно о потерях России в Украине к концу сентября". BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 2024-09-20. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  163. ^ "Ukraine war: Zelensky says 31,000 troops killed since Russia's full-scale invasion". 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  164. ^ "Ukraine - protection of civilians in armed conflict" (PDF).
  165. ^ "Conflict-related civilian casualties as of 31 December 2021" (PDF).
  166. ^ Pancevski, Bojan (September 17, 2024). "One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War".
  167. ^ Silbey, David (2008-03-04). A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8090-9661-9.
  168. ^ DASGUPTA, K. K. (1960). A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF INDIA,VOL.3,PART1. PEOPLES OF PUBLISHING HOUSE.
  169. ^ "Intercourse between Burma and Siam as recorded in Hmannan Yazawindawgyi" (PDF).
  170. ^ Raychaudhuri, H. (2006). Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty. Cosmo Publications. p. 268,305. ISBN 978-81-307-0291-9. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  171. ^ "Democratic Republic of Congo: War against unarmed civilians". Amnesty International. 23 November 1998. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  172. ^ Edgar Danés Rojas (2008). Noticias del Edén: la iglesia católica y la Constitución mexicana. Tamaulipas: Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, pp. 82. ISBN 978-970-819-063-3.
  173. ^ "Greek Independence Day: The Beginning of Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans". www.tc-america.org. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  174. ^ "Greek War of Independence 1821-1832". onwar.com. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  175. ^ "MODERN CONFLICTS DATABASE: ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATES FOR DEATH TOLLS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20.
  176. ^ "Data". ACLED. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  177. ^ Peckham (ed.) 1974
  178. ^ Clodfelter 2017, pp. 133–134
  179. ^ "The Second Chechen War - Russian Federation | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 1999-11-04. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  180. ^ "Book of Numbers, Book of Losses, Book of the Final Judgment".
  181. ^ "Первая чеченская война – 20 лет назад". Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  182. ^ "The War in Chechnya". Archived from the original on 2008-03-02. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  183. ^ Kramer, Mark (March 2005). "Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency and Terrorism in the North Caucasus: The Military Dimension of the Russian – Chechen Conflict". Europe-Asia Studies. 57 (2): 209–290. doi:10.1080/09668130500051833.
  184. ^ Reinke, Sarah (2005). Schleichender Völkermord in Tschetschenien: Verschwindenlassen - ethnische Verfolgung in Russland - Scheitern der internationalen Politik (in German). GfbV.
  185. ^ "Total Casualties, Arab-Israeli Conflict | Jewish Virtual Library". 2016-12-18. Archived from the original on 2016-12-18. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  186. ^ "Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential". The Lancet. 404 (10449). July 20, 2024.
  187. ^ "Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths". 2023-12-17. Archived from the original on 2023-12-17. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  188. ^ "Swords of Iron: Israel Police, Security Forces (Shabak) and First Responders Casualties". November 21, 2023.
  189. ^ Cronin, David (2024-06-27). "Math proves that Israel's stated goals are an epic lie". The Electronic Intifada. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  190. ^ "Gaza". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  191. ^ "Arab-Israeli wars". 9 September 2024.
  192. ^ Smith 1950, p. 46.
  193. ^ Noorani, A.G. (3–16 March 2001), "Of a massacre untold", Frontline, 18 (5), retrieved 8 September 2014, "The lowest estimates, even those offered privately by apologists of the military government, came to at least ten times the number of murders with which previously the Razakars were officially accused..."
  194. ^ Romero-Prieto, Julio Enrique; Meisel-Roca, Adolfo Enrique (2 June 2019). "Análisis demográfico de la Violencia en Colombia | Portal de Investigaciones Económicas" (in Spanish).
  195. ^ The Greek and Persian Wars 499-386 BC. Philip de Souza. 25 January 2003. p. 41. ISBN 978-1841763583.
  196. ^ "Timeline: Guatemala". 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  197. ^ Briggs, Billy (2007-02-02). "Secrets of the dead". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  198. ^ Singer, Joel David; Small, Melvin (1972). The Wages of War, 1816-1965: A Statistical Handbook. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-79300-7.
  199. ^ Schanzer, Jonathan. "Yemen's War on Terror" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-20.
  200. ^ Vandewalle, Dirk (2012-03-26). A History of Modern Libya. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-107-01939-3.
  201. ^ Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2021). Genocide in Libya: Shar, a Hidden Colonial History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-46889-7.
  202. ^ Boca, Angelo Del (2010-12-14). Mohamed Fekini and the Fight to Free Libya. Springer. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-230-11633-7.
  203. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls". users.erols.com. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  204. ^ Campos, Ângela (2008-11-20). ""We are still ashamed of our own History"". Lusotopie. Recherches politiques internationales sur les espaces issus de l'histoire et de la colonisation portugaises (XV(2)): 107–126. doi:10.1163/17683084-01502006. ISSN 1257-0273.
  205. ^ "Portugal Angola War 1961-1975". www.onwar.com. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  206. ^ Waiss, Óscar (1954). Nacionalismo y Socialismo en América Latina. Prensa Latinoamericana, pp. 17. esta cifra carece de fundamento e implicaría prácticamente la perdida total de las fuerzas de combate de ambos bandos.
  207. ^ "Death Toll In Sri Lanka's 2009 War" (PDF).
  208. ^ "Sri Lanka's war 10 years on: Finding Father Francis". 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  209. ^ "Recorded figures of Arrests, Killings, Disappearances".
  210. ^ Dumas, S.; Vedel-Petersen, K.O. (1923). Losses of Life Caused By War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 57–59.
  211. ^ Dabanga (2024-05-02). "US Senate hears urgent plea from envoy to Sudan". Dabanga Radio TV Online. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  212. ^ "The World's Biggest Displacement Crisis Is Not in Gaza". Bloomberg.com. 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  213. ^ "HiCN Households in Conflict Network". 2020-08-31. Archived from the original on 2020-08-31. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  214. ^ Cook, Chris (1995). World Political Almanac (3rd ed.). Facts on File. ISBN 978-0816028382.
  215. ^ "Lebanese Civil War | History, & Significance | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-09-27. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  216. ^ Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (1990-01-10). "Primer: Lebanon's 15-Year War, 1975-1990". MERIP. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  217. ^ Keridis, Dimitris (2022-06-06). Historical Dictionary of Modern Greece. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4422-6471-7.
  218. ^ Bercovitch, Jacob; Jackson, Richard (1997). International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management, 1945-1995. Congressional Quarterly. ISBN 978-1-56802-195-9.
  219. ^ "Transitional Justice in the Former Yugoslavia | International Center for Transitional Justice". www.ictj.org. 2009-01-01. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  220. ^ "About us -- Humanitarian Law Center". 2011-05-22. Archived from the original on 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  221. ^ "Bodycount PDF | PDF | Genocides | Violence". Scribd. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  222. ^ Marley, David (1998). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436-837-6.
  223. ^ Farcau, Bruce W. (1996-05-23). The Chaco War: Bolivia and Paraguay, 1932-1935. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-275-95218-1.
  224. ^ Web, Apunto. "Portal Guarani - ROBERTO SIENRA ZAVALA - SÍNTESIS DE LA GUERRA DEL CHACO - Por ROBERTO SIENRA ZAVALA - Año 2010". Portal Guarani (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  225. ^ Tinker-Salas, Miguel (2015). Venezuela: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-978329-8.
  226. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2014-04-21). Statecraft and Nation Building in Africa: A Post-colonial Study. New Africa Press. ISBN 978-9987-16-039-6.
  227. ^ Arrian (1884). The Anabasis of Alexander; or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great. Literally translated, with a commentary, from the Greek of Arrian, the Nicomedian. Cornell University Library. London, Hodder and Stoughton.
  228. ^ Arrian (2018-04-10). The Anabasis of Alexander. Ozymandias Press. ISBN 978-1-5312-8444-2.
  229. ^ Staff, HistoryNet (2007-09-17). "The Battle That Saved Western Civilization: Alexander vs. Darius". HistoryNet. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  230. ^ "Wars ranked by death toll, 1800-2011".
  231. ^ Herre, Bastian; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Roser, Max (2024-03-20). "War and Peace". Our World in Data.
  232. ^ Herre, Bastian; Roser, Max (2024-07-15). "Millions have died in conflicts since the Cold War; most of them in Africa and intrastate conflicts". Our World in Data.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_by_death_toll&oldid=1258394342"