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Sarov

Coordinates: 54°56′N 43°19′E / 54.933°N 43.317°E / 54.933; 43.317
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Sarov (disambiguation).
"Arzamas-16" redirects here. For the nuclear research institute, see All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics.

Sarov
Саров
Town
Bell tower of Sarov Monastery
Bell tower of Sarov Monastery
Coat of arms of Sarov
Coat of arms
Location of Sarov
Map
Sarov is located in Russia
Sarov
Sarov
Location of Sarov
Sarov is located in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Sarov
Sarov
Sarov (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast)
Coordinates: 54°56′N 43°19′E / 54.933°N 43.317°E / 54.933; 43.317
CountryRussia
Federal subjectNizhny Novgorod Oblast[1]
Founded1691Edit this on Wikidata
Town status since1954
Elevation
160 m (520 ft)
 • Subordinated totown of oblast significance of Sarov[1]
 • Capital oftown of oblast significance of Sarov[1]
 • Urban okrugSarov Urban District (closed administrative territorial object)[2]
 • Capital ofSarov Urban Okrug[2]
Time zoneUTC 3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[3])
Postal code(s)[4]
607188
Dialing code(s) 7 83130[5]
OKTMO ID22704000001
Websitewww.adm.sarov.ru
Map

Sarov (Russian: Саро́в) is a closed town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It was known as Gorkiy-130 (Горький-130) and Arzamas-16 (Арзама́с-16), after a (somewhat) nearby town of Arzamas,[7] from 1946 to 1991. Until 1995, it was known as Kremlyov/Kremlev/Kremljov (Кремлёв).[8] The town is closed as it is the Russian center for nuclear research. Population: 92,047 (2010 Census); 87,652 (2002 Census)[9]

History

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Sarov Monastery in 1910
Russian women meet Tsar Nicholas II in Sarov 1903

The history of the town can be divided into two different periods. In the earlier history of Russia it was known as one of the holy places of the Russian Orthodox Church, because of its monastery, that gave Russia one of its greatest saints, St. Seraphim. Since the 1940s, it has gradually become the center for research and production of Soviet and later Russian nuclear weapons.

The history of human settlement in the area around Sarov goes back at least to the 12th–13th centuries, when a large Mordvin settlement was founded on its spot. In 1298, the town was taken over by Tatars.

The modern town took its name from being the site of the Sarov Monastery next to the Sarov River. In 1664, an Orthodox monk Theodosius first settled on the Sarov hill. The first Church of Sarov tenement was founded in 1706. Saint Seraphim was living in Sarov from 1778 to 1833. In 1903, the monastery was visited by Tsar Nicholas II and other members of the royal family. At that time the monastery had nine churches, including one underground. Around 320 monks lived in the monastery.

In 1923 the monastery was closed, and the monks were executed by the Bolsheviks. During World War II, the monastery buildings were used as factories for producing rockets for BM-13 "Katyusha" rocket launchers.

In 1946, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics—a nuclear weapons design facility that would become known in the West under the acronym VNIIEF—was built.[10] Sarov became a closed city. It was removed from all unclassified maps. Initial provisional names included Base 112, Site 550, Yasnogorsk, Kremlyev and Arzamas-75.[11] Sarov was known as Arzamas-16 until 1995. In 1954, Arzamas-16 was granted town status.[citation needed]

Model of the "Tsar Bomba" in the Sarov atomic bomb museum

The town is home to the Russian Federation Nuclear Center and "Atomic Bomb" museum which has a number of casings of Soviet-era nuclear weapons and photographs of those involved in their production. The main access is by train, which, after a security stop and inspection, is allowed into the town to disembark passengers. The small Sarov Airport is generally for government aircraft only, and visitors usually fly to Nizhny Novgorod airport and then drive.

The town is surrounded by fences patrolled by the military. Foreigners, and even Russians who do not live in Sarov, are not allowed to enter the town without permission. Foreigners who visit on business must surrender their passports, phones, and cameras to security while they are in the facility, though some documentary filmmakers have shot footage inside the town walls.

A large portion of the town is located on the grounds of the P.G.S. State Park in adjacent Temnikovsky District of the Republic of Mordovia.[citation needed]

In 1993, the town became a sister city to Los Alamos, New Mexico, the home of the U.S. nuclear weapons design laboratory (Los Alamos National Laboratory, or LANL). Scientists from LANL and VNIIEF have cooperated on various arms control and nuclear safeguards programs, under which the Los Alamos scientists learned, to their amusement, that their Russian colleagues paid homage to their American rivals by irreverently calling their own laboratory "Los Arzamas."[12]

Boris Yeltsin changed the town's name back to Sarov at the request of the residents in August 1995.

On June 17, 1997, a Russian Federal Nuclear Center senior researcher Alexandr Zakharov received a fatal dose of 4850 rem in a criticality accident.[13][14]

Today the Russian federal nuclear center is responsible for important decisions concerning the development, production, storage, and utilization of nuclear weapons; the recycling of radioactive and other materials; and research in fundamental and applied physics. International foundations have helped to fund some research scientists in Sarov following the downsizing and transitions after the Soviet era. The city's fences and the electrified fences around fissile stores are maintained. In 1998 a resident stated that the perimeter fences also kept the city free from organized crime.[15]

During the 2010 Russian wildfires the Russian Army took preventive forest fire measures and radioactive material was reported to have been secured elsewhere.[16]

On Monday August 12, 2019, flags in Sarov were lowered to half-staff during the viewing of five coffins in Sarov's main square.[17] These were the bodies of five Rosatom workers who were killed during the August 8, 2019, Nyonoksa radiation accident near Severodvinsk at the State Central Navy Testing Range which is the main rocket launching site of the Russian Navy.[18] Later on August 12, 2019, the bodies of the Rosatom workers, who were involved in the development and testing of the 9M730 Burevestnik (Petrel) also known as by the NATO reporting name SSC-X-9 Skyfall, were buried in Sarov's main cemetery.[17]

Administrative and municipal status

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Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the town of oblast significance of Sarov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Sarov is incorporated as Sarov Urban Okrug.[2]

Notable people

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International relations

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Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Twin towns and sister cities

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Sarov is twinned with:

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d Law #184-Z
  2. ^ a b c Law #155-Z
  3. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  4. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  5. ^ My-Phone.ru. Sarov (in Russian)
  6. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  7. ^ SarovLabs. Creation of Nuclear Center Arzamas-16
  8. ^ Государственная Дума Российской Федерации. Федеральный Закон №145-ФЗ от 14 августа 1995 г. «О переименовании города Кремлёв Нижегородской области в город Саров». (State Duma of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #145-FZ of August 14, 1995 On Changing the Name of the Town of Kremlyov of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to the Town of Sarov. ).
  9. ^ "Sarov (City, Russia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  10. ^ "Russian Military Outposts: Sarov, Russia's Los Alamos". thelivingmoon.com. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  11. ^ "Creation of nuclear center Arzamas-16". Sarovlabs.
  12. ^ Hargittai, Istvan (2013). "Los Alamos and 'Los Arzamas'", Structural Chemistry, 24 (1397–1400)
  13. ^ Johnston, Wm. Robert. "Arzamas-16 criticality accident, 19". johnstonsarchive.net. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
  14. ^ Kudrik, Igor (June 23, 1997). "Arzamas-16 researcher died on June 20". Bellona. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
  15. ^ Stone, Richard (January 8, 1999). "RUSSIA: Nuclear Strongholds in Peril". Science. 283 (5399). AAAS: 158–164. doi:10.1126/science.283.5399.158. S2CID 154223775. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  16. ^ Jenkins, Lin (August 8, 2010). "Russian troops dig canal around Sarov nuclear base as wildfires grow". The Observer. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  17. ^ a b "Russian nuclear engineers buried after 'Skyfall nuclear' blast: Experts link the explosion to the Burevestnik nuclear-powered cruise missile touted by President Putin in March 2018". Al Jazeera. August 13, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  18. ^ Isachenkov, Vladimir (August 14, 2019). "Mysterious missile explosion, radiation spike in Russia raises questions". Star-Advertiser. Honolulu. Associated Press. Retrieved September 11, 2019.

Sources

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  • Законодательное собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №184-З от 16 ноября 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области», в ред. Закона №58-З от 5 мая 2016 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Нижегородской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области"». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №218(3390), 23 ноября 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #184-Z of November 16, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, as amended by the Law #58-Z of May 5, 2016 On Amending the Law of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast". Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
  • Законодательное Собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №155-З от 26 декабря 2006 г. «О утверждении границ и состава территории городского округа город Саров Нижегородской области». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №2(3654), 10 января 2007 г. (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #155-Z of December 26, 2006 On Establishing the Borders and the Territorial Composition of the Urban Okrug of the Town of Sarov of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
  • "Los Alamos and Arzamas-16: The 'Sister Cities' Relationship". Los Alamos Science. 24: 44–47. 1996.
  • Yarovitcin, Roman (2012). The City That Does Not Exist. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4716-1437-8.
  • Борис Забываев. "Любимый город". Саров в Internet. [1]
  • James Risen's State of War
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