lord
English
editEtymology
editFrom Middle English lord and lorde (attested from the 15th century), from earlier (14th century) lourde and other variants which dropped the intervocalic consonant of earlier lowerd, louerd, loverd, laford, and lhoaverd; from Old English hlāford < hlāfweard, a compound of hlāf (“bread”) weard (“guardian”); see loaf and ward. The term was already being applied broadly prior to the literary development of Old English and was influenced by its common use to translate Latin dominus. Compare Scots laird (“lord”), preserving a separate vowel development (from northern/Scottish Middle English lard, laverd), the Old English compound hlāf-ǣta (“servant”, literally “bread-eater”), and modern English lady, from Old English hlǣfdīġe (“bread-kneader”).[1] The Middle English word laford was borrowed by Icelandic, where it survives as lávarður.
Pronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /lɔːd/
Audio (UK): (file) - (General American) IPA(key): /lɔɹd/
Audio (US): (file) Audio (General Australian): (file) - Homophone: lored (horse–hoarse merger)
- Homophone: laud (non-rhotic)
- Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)d
Noun
editlord (plural lords)
- (obsolete) The master of the servants of a household; (historical) the master of a feudal manor
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 24:46:
- c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], line 167:
- 1766, William Blackstone, chapter 418, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book II (Of the Rights of Things), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:
- Lords of manors are distinguished from other land-owners with regard to the game.
- (archaic) The male head of a household, a father or husband.
- 831, charter in Henry Sweet, The oldest English texts, 445
- Ymbe ðet lond et cert ðe hire eðelmod hire hlabard salde.
- 1863, William Shakespeare, Lucrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], →OCLC:
- c. 1590–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii], line 131:
- Pet. Katherine, I charge thee, tell theſe head-ſtrong women,
What dutie they doe owe their Lords and huſbands!
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 18:12:
- 1815 December (indicated as 1816), [Jane Austen], chapter XVI, in Emma: […], volume III, London: […] [Charles Roworth and James Moyes] for John Murray, →OCLC, page 300:
- Yes, here I am, my good friend; and here I have been so long, that anywhere else I should think it necessary to apologise; but, the truth is, that I am waiting for my lord and master.
- 831, charter in Henry Sweet, The oldest English texts, 445
- (archaic) The owner of a house, piece of land, or other possession
- 1480, Waterford Archives in the 10th Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (1885), App. v. 316
- ante 1637, Ben Jonson, Sad Shepherd, ii. i. 36
- A mightie Lord of Swine!
- 1697, Virgil, “The Twelfth Book of the Æneis”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:
- Turnus […]
Wrench'd from his feeble hold the shining Sword;
And plung'd it in the Bosom of its Lord.
- 1874, J. H. Collins, “Principles of Metal Mining”, in Gloss, published 1875, 139/2:
- Lord, the owner of the land in which a mine is situated is called the ‘lord’.
- One possessing similar mastery over others; (historical) any feudal superior generally; any nobleman or aristocrat; any chief, prince, or sovereign ruler; in Scotland, a male member of the lowest rank of nobility (the equivalent rank in England is baron)
- c. 893, Orosius's History, i. i. §13
- Ohthere sæde his hlaforde, Ælfrede cyninge, þæt...
- 1667, John Milton, “Book XII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:
- Man over men He made not Lord.
- (historical) A feudal tenant holding his manor directly of the king
- A peer of the realm, particularly a temporal one
- ante 1420, T. Hoccleve, De Regimine Principum, 442
- 1453, Rolls of Parliament, V. 266/2
- 1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene 1], line 18:
- 1900 July 21, Daily Express:
- The Englishman of to-day still dearly loves a lord.
- (obsolete, uncommon) A baron or lesser nobleman, as opposed to greater ones
- 1526, W. Bonde, Pylgrimage of Perfection, i. sig. Bviiiv
- 1826, Benjamin Disraeli, Vivian Grey, II. iii. iii. 26:
- The Marquess played off the two Lords and the Baronet against his former friend.
- c. 893, Orosius's History, i. i. §13
- One possessing similar mastery in figurative senses (esp. as lord of ~)
- ante 1300, Cursor Mundi, 782
- 1697, Virgil, “The Third Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:
- Love is Lord of all.
- 1895, Kenneth Graham, The Golden Age, London, page 8:
- The masterful wind was up and out, shouting and chasing, the lord of the morning.
- 1992 November 18, Larry David, Seinfeld, 4.11: "The Contest":
- But are you still master of your domain?
- I am king of the county. You?
- Lord of the manor.
- A magnate of a trade or profession.
- The Tobacco Lords were a group of Scottish merchants and slave traders who in the 18th century made enormous fortunes by trading in tobacco.
- 1823, W. Cobbett, Rural Rides, published 1885, I. 399:
- Oh, Oh! The cotton Lords are tearing!
- (astrology) The heavenly body considered to possess a dominant influence over an event, time, etc.
- c. 1391, Geoffrey Chaucer, Treatise on the Astrolabe, ii. §4:
- (British, slang, obsolete) A hunchback.
- 1699, B.E., A new dictionary of the terms ancient and modern of the canting crew:
- Lord, a very crooked, deformed... Person.
- 1699, B.E., A new dictionary of the terms ancient and modern of the canting crew:
- (British, Australia, via Cockney rhyming slang, obsolete) Sixpence.
- 1933 November 16, Times Literary Supplement, 782/1:
- Twenty years ago you might hear a sixpence described as a ‘Lord’ meaning ‘Lord of the Manor’; that is, a tanner.
Synonyms
edit- (master, owner): drighten, possessor, proprietor, sovereign
Derived terms
edit- banner lord
- chief lord
- crime lord
- drug lord
- drunk as a lord
- feudal lord
- feudal lord
- harvest lord
- House of Lords
- Irish lord
- laird
- landlord
- law lord
- lay lord
- liege lord
- lord and master
- lord-dom
- lorddom
- lord-fish
- lordful
- lordhood
- lord in gross
- lord-in-waiting
- lordish
- lord it over
- lordless
- lordlike
- lordliness
- lordly
- Lord Mayor
- lord mesne
- lordness
- lord of all one surveys
- lord of the bedchamber
- lord of the flies
- lord of the manor
- lord of the rings
- lord paramount
- lord paramount
- lord protector
- lordship
- lords of creation
- Lords Spiritual
- Lords Temporal
- lord superior
- lordy
- mesne lord
- mesne lord
- overlord
- slumlord
- warlord
Descendants
edit- Belizean Creole: laad
- → Bengali: লাট (laṭ)
- → Hindi: लाट (lāṭ)
- → Czech: lord
- → Faroese: lordur
- → Greek: λόρδος (lórdos)
- Gullah: lawd
- → Hungarian: lord
- → Italian: lord
- Jamaican Creole: laad
- Pijin: lod
- → Portuguese: lorde
- → Russian: ло́рд (lórd)
- → Serbo-Croatian: lȍrd / ло̏рд
- → Spanish: lord
- Torres Strait Creole: lod
- → Turkish: lord
- → Yiddish: לאָרד (lord)
Translations
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
See also
editVerb
editlord (third-person singular simple present lords, present participle lording, simple past and past participle lorded)
- (intransitive and transitive) To domineer or act like a lord.
- 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], “December. Ægloga Duodecima.”, in The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Iohn Wolfe for Iohn Harrison the yonger, […], →OCLC:
- The grisly toadstool grown there might I see, / And loathed paddocks lording on the same.
- (transitive) To invest with the dignity, power, and privileges of a lord; to grant the title of lord.
- c. 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, The Tempest, act 1, scene 2:
- He being thus lorded / Not only with what my revenue yielded, / But what my power might else exact, […] / he did believe / He was indeed the Duke
Synonyms
editDerived terms
edit- (act like a lord): lord it over
Translations
edit
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References
edit- “lord”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
- “lord”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "lord, n.". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.
Faroese
editPronunciation
editNoun
editlord
Hungarian
editEtymology
editBorrowed from English lord.[1]
Pronunciation
editNoun
editlord (plural lordok)
- an English peer of the realm or nobleman
Declension
editInflection (stem in -o-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | lord | lordok |
accusative | lordot | lordokat |
dative | lordnak | lordoknak |
instrumental | lorddal | lordokkal |
causal-final | lordért | lordokért |
translative | lorddá | lordokká |
terminative | lordig | lordokig |
essive-formal | lordként | lordokként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | lordban | lordokban |
superessive | lordon | lordokon |
adessive | lordnál | lordoknál |
illative | lordba | lordokba |
sublative | lordra | lordokra |
allative | lordhoz | lordokhoz |
elative | lordból | lordokból |
delative | lordról | lordokról |
ablative | lordtól | lordoktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
lordé | lordoké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
lordéi | lordokéi |
Possessive forms of lord | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | lordom | lordjaim |
2nd person sing. | lordod | lordjaid |
3rd person sing. | lordja | lordjai |
1st person plural | lordunk | lordjaink |
2nd person plural | lordotok | lordjaitok |
3rd person plural | lordjuk | lordjaik |
References
edit- ^ Tótfalusi, István. Idegenszó-tár: Idegen szavak értelmező és etimológiai szótára (’A Storehouse of Foreign Words: an explanatory and etymological dictionary of foreign words’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN
Further reading
edit- lord in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Italian
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editNoun
editlord m (invariable)
References
edit- ^ lord in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
Middle English
editAlternative forms
edit- lorde, lhord, lourd, lourde, laverd
- lhoaverd, laford, laverd, loverd, louerd, lowerd (Early Middle English)
Etymology
editFrom Old English hlāford, hlāfweard, in turn from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) weard (“ward, guardian, keeper”).
Pronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /lɔːrd/
- (Early Middle English) IPA(key): /ˈlɔːwərd/, /ˈlɔːvərd/
Noun
editlord (plural lordes)
- lord (important man)
- c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39)[1], folio 34, recto, lines 22-23; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:
- I nul ſulle my louerd foꝛ noneſ cunneſ eiſte. / bote hit be foꝛ þe þritti platen. þat he me bitaiſte.
- "I won't betray my Lord for any kind of good, / except for the thirty pieces that he left me."
- c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 71, recto, lines 4538-4539; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne[2], London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 145:
- Lord (title of God)
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- English: lord (see there for further descendants)
- Scots: laird
- → English: laird
- Yola: loard
- → Icelandic: lávarður (through laverd)
References
edit- “lōrd, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Proper noun
editlord
- (Christianity) Lord: Jesus Christ, God the Son
- c. 1400, Lay Folks Mass, Bk. App. iii. 125:
- Þou art a sooþfaste leche, lord.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 1400, Lay Folks Mass, Bk. App. iii. 125:
Interjection
editlord
- (originally an invocation) Lord: an interjection variously expressing astonishment, surprise, resignation
- c. 1384, John Wyclif, Selected Works, III.358:
- Lord! in tyme of Jesus Crist ... were men not bounden to shryve hem þus.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 1400, Lanfranc of Milan, Practica (trans. as The Science of Chirgurie), 298:
- O lord, whi is it so greet difference betwix a cirurgian & a phisician.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
See also
editPolish
editEtymology
editBorrowed from English lord, from Middle English lord and lorde, from lourde, from lowerd, louerd, loverd, laford, lhoaverd, from Old English hlāford, from hlāfweard.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editlord m pers
Declension
editRelated terms
editFurther reading
editRomanian
editEtymology
editBorrowed from English lord or French lord.
Noun
editlord m (plural lorzi)
Declension
editSerbo-Croatian
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editNoun
editlȍrd m (Cyrillic spelling ло̏рд)
- lord (British title)
Declension
editReferences
edit- “lord” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Spanish
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editNoun
editlord m (plural lores)
- lord (British title)
Related terms
editFurther reading
edit- “lord”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Turkish
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Ottoman Turkish لورد (lord), from English lord, from Middle English lord, lorde, from Old English hlāford, hlāfweard, a compound of hlāf (“bread”) weard (“guardian”)
Pronunciation
editNoun
editlord (definite accusative lordu, plural lordlar)
Declension
editInflection | ||
---|---|---|
Nominative | lord | |
Definite accusative | lordu | |
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | lord | lordlar |
Definite accusative | lordu | lordları |
Dative | lorda | lordlara |
Locative | lordda | lordlarda |
Ablative | lorddan | lordlardan |
Genitive | lordun | lordların |
Related terms
edit- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms inherited from Old English
- English terms derived from Old English
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- English terms with homophones
- Rhymes:English/ɔː(ɹ)d
- Rhymes:English/ɔː(ɹ)d/1 syllable
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English terms with obsolete senses
- English terms with historical senses
- English terms with quotations
- English terms with archaic senses
- English terms with uncommon senses
- en:Astrology
- British English
- English slang
- Australian English
- English verbs
- English intransitive verbs
- English transitive verbs
- en:Feudalism
- en:People
- Faroese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Faroese non-lemma forms
- Faroese noun forms
- Hungarian terms borrowed from English
- Hungarian terms derived from English
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ord
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ord/1 syllable
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian nouns
- hu:People
- Italian terms borrowed from English
- Italian terms derived from English
- Italian 1-syllable words
- Italian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Italian/ɔrd
- Rhymes:Italian/ɔrd/1 syllable
- Italian lemmas
- Italian nouns
- Italian indeclinable nouns
- Italian countable nouns
- Italian masculine nouns
- Middle English terms inherited from Old English
- Middle English terms derived from Old English
- Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English nouns
- Middle English terms with quotations
- Middle English proper nouns
- enm:Christianity
- Middle English interjections
- enm:Feudalism
- enm:Heads of state
- enm:Leaders
- enm:Nobility
- Polish terms borrowed from English
- Polish terms derived from English
- Polish terms derived from Middle English
- Polish terms derived from Old English
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/ɔrt
- Rhymes:Polish/ɔrt/1 syllable
- Polish lemmas
- Polish nouns
- Polish masculine nouns
- Polish personal nouns
- pl:Male people
- pl:Nobility
- pl:Titles
- pl:United Kingdom
- Romanian terms borrowed from English
- Romanian terms derived from English
- Romanian terms borrowed from French
- Romanian terms derived from French
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian nouns
- Romanian countable nouns
- Romanian masculine nouns
- Serbo-Croatian terms borrowed from English
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from English
- Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian nouns
- Serbo-Croatian masculine nouns
- Spanish terms borrowed from English
- Spanish terms derived from English
- Spanish 1-syllable words
- Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Spanish/oɾd
- Rhymes:Spanish/oɾd/1 syllable
- Rhymes:Spanish/oɾ
- Rhymes:Spanish/oɾ/1 syllable
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish nouns
- Spanish countable nouns
- Spanish masculine nouns
- Turkish terms inherited from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms derived from English
- Turkish terms derived from Middle English
- Turkish terms derived from Old English
- Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish nouns
- Turkish slang
- tr:Rhetoric